Study on axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials in relation to micron-scale grain protrusion parameters

An axial-feed mirror finish grinding of hard and brittle materials is proposed by controlling grain protrusion parameters. In this grinding, the grinding wheel feed is along the wheel axial direction rather than in the traditional wheel cutting direction. The objective is to understand how micron-scale grain protrusion parameters influence ductile-mode grinding and ultimately to realize efficient mirror finish grinding using a coarse diamond grinding wheel. In this study, the grain tip truncation (GT-truncation) was performed after dressing to improve grain protrusion topography. First, a formation model of axial-feed ground surface was constructed to analyze the effect of grain protrusion parameters and grinding parameters on the critical cutting depth transferred from brittle-mode removal to ductile-mode removal; then GC dressing and GT-truncation of #180 diamond grinding wheel were experimentally performed to investigate surface roughness and ductile-mode grinding behavior with reference to grinding parameters and grain protrusion parameters; finally, a truncated coarser #60 diamond grinding wheel was employed for mirror finish grinding to observe active grain number and grain protrusion angle. Theoretical analysis shows that this ductile-mode grinding is dominated by active grain number, active grain protrusion angle, wheel rotating speed and axial-feed speed, but it does not depend on the depth of cut assumed to be less than the grain protrusion height. Experimental results indicate that the GT-truncation may increase active grain number and grain protrusion angle for ductile-mode grinding when the axial-feed speed decreases to some extent. Moreover, the micro tip radius of diamond grain also influences the ground surface. It is confirmed that by increasing active grain number and grain protrusion angle synchronously, a truncated #60 diamond grinding wheel can be applied for efficient mirror finish grinding of the SiC ceramic plate at the axial-feed speed of 50 mm/min and the tool path interval of 0.1 mm.     

Experimental study on ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting of hardened steel using PCD tools

Diamond tools cannot usually be applied for machining hardened steels while applying conventional cutting technique. As an alternative, ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (UEVC) technique was successfully applied for obtaining mirror surface on such steels using single crystal diamond (SCD) tools. In order to reduce production cost without compromising mirror surface quality, polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools may be tested against highly expensive SCD tools. However, study on machining of hardened steel using PCD tools applying the UEVC technique has not yet been reported. The current research presents an experimental study on UEVC of hardened stainless steel (a typical Stavax, hardness 49 HRC) using the PCD tools. Face turning experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of three machining parameters: nominal depth of cut, feed rate, and nominal cutting speed on output performances such as cutting force, tool flank wear, surface roughness, and chip formation. Experimental results show that nominal cutting speed has very strong influence on the output performances, compared to the other two parameters. The surface roughness improves with a decrease in cutting speed. A mirror-like surface of approximately 804 mm² with a roughness value R_a of 11 nm was achieved at a lower cutting speed. Theoretical explanations have been given to support the results drawn from the UEVC experiments. It can be concluded that, while applying the UEVC technique, the inexpensive PCD tools instead of the SCD tools can be effectively applied to obtain optical surface for producing precise molds from the hardened steel.     

塑料模具激光蚀纹机的关键技术研究

在塑料模具蚀纹加工中,传统的化学蚀刻方法存在污染大、加工周期长的缺点.基于最新的3D动态振镜扫描技术,对模具激光蚀刻原理进行了分析和探讨;对模具激光蚀刻工艺参数进行了优化;并设计了塑料产品常见的蚀纹图案.经过对模具激光蚀纹机的光学系统、机械系统、电气系统及软件系统等整体方案的设计及丁艺实验,证明模具激光蚀刻技术能满足了塑料模具加工企业的蚀纹和环保节能需求,同时为激光加工技术在塑料模具行业的广泛应用奠定基础.     

Seasonal Variations in Fatty Acid Composition of Different Tissues of Mirror Carp,Cyprinus Carpio,in Orenler Dam Lake,Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

The seasonal variations of fatty acids compositions in the muscle, liver, and ovarian tissues of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) living in Örenler Dam Lake were determined by using gas chromatography. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analyses by employing SPSS software and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant value. In the statistical analyses, multiple comparisons tests were performed. The results showed that monounsaturated fatty acids levels were found to be higher than that of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in all seasons. Palmitic and stearic acid levels were the highest in ovaries (19.95% in winter and 7.79% in summer, respectively). Oleic and palmitoleic levels were at the highest levels in liver tissues (34.53% in summer and 18.37% in winter, respectively). Docosahexaenoic (C22:6ω3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5ω3, EPA), eicosatrienoic acid, and arachidonic (C20:4ω6, AA) levels were at the highest level as 17.27, 2.54, and 8.41% in ovaries in the winter and 6.37% in muscle tissues in the spring, respectively. ω3/ω6 ratios were 0.62–0.98 in muscle, 1.54–2.82 in the liver, and 2.82–3.89 in the ovaries. From the point of total fatty acid variations, the highest variations were observed as follows: muscle in spring (26.73%), liver in winter (33.85%), and ovaries in winter 36.38%.     

GRINDING OF SILICON AND GLASS USING A NEW DRESSING DEVICE AND AN IMPROVED COOLANT SYSTEM

Ductile mode machining of brittle materials such as ceramics is recognized as an emerging technology with important applications. Ductile machining is possible if the depth of cut is less than the critical depth of cut of the machined material. By using a new device for dressing a resin-bonded diamond wheel and an improved coolant system proposed here, ductile mode grinding of silicon and glass was achieved using an inexpensive, conventional surface-grinding machine. The low-cost dressing device also ensured minimum disruption to the grinding operation and a higher level of safety. A flooding supply of coolant at the grinding zone provided better cooling performance and lubrication. A relationship appeared to exist between the surface finish and the lightness values of ground silicon surfaces.     

我国塑料成型模具用材料的进展

系统地描述了我国近年来塑料模具材料研制、应用和模具材料标准的发展,介绍了一些新材料的牌号、化学成分、热处理工艺、性能和用途,并对我国塑料模具材料今后的发展提出了一些建议。     

机载雷达功能仿真中目标回波分析

从机载雷达功能仿真的目标探测模型出发,以信噪比的求解为基准,考虑机载雷达目标探测过程中受到的大气衰减和地表镜面反射等背景因素的影响和制约,分析了典型大气状况和地表类型条件下目标回波功率的模型.大气衰减系数和地表镜面反射系数经过优化建模,以达到定量计算的要求.利用此模型提出机载雷达目标探测的效能指标.在效能仿真的基础上,运用典型值采样的方法,重点分析了镜面反射对机载雷达回波能量的定量影响.仿真结果表明了该模型的正确性和有效性.     

基于新型重复控制器的高精度摆镜伺服系统研究

为了解决摆镜伺服系统周期速度振荡的问题,采用直流电机作为扫描驱动电机,建立伺服系统的数学模型,根据摆镜扫描的周期性特点,提出了一种改进的重复控制器对伺服系统的转速进行控制,实现结果表明该方法很好的改善了系统的跟踪性能,有效的提高了摆镜扫描的速度稳定性,抑制了电机的振荡现象.     

高可用性存储网络技术探析

随着存储网络应用的迅速普及和发展,其高可用性显得越来越重要。主要对存储网络高可用性的概念、实现方式及其所涉及的关键技术作一个总体概述,以便对存储网络的设计和应用有一定的参考价值。     

磁盘基片镜面车削技术的研究

本文阐述了计算机铝合金磁盘基片的镜面车削技术。讨论了影响磁盘基片加工精度及粗糙度的主要因素以及有关磁盘加工车床，金刚石车刀，工件材质，工作环境和切削条件等方面的问题。