一种计算氢扩散系数的新方法

利用电化学氢渗透曲线来计算室温附近氢在金属中的扩散系数是一种广为应用的方法。从理论上讲,在氢渗透曲线上的任何一点上都可以计算出氢在金属晶格中的扩散系数。但是从实际获得的氢渗透曲线各点算得的氢扩散系数并不一致。这是因为在金属中,一般都不可避免地存在一些氢的陷阱,如位错、晶界、杂质原子等,它们会不同程度地阻碍氢在金属晶格中的扩散过程。而理论推导本身并没有考虑到氢陷阱存在的影响,因此实际得     

热连轧机轧辊用多元白口铁的冶金技术

从合金设计、凝固组织、凝固顺序、相图、相转变行为和热处理特性等方面综述多元白口铁作为热连轧精轧机架工作辊的新材质的研发.结果表明,共晶碳化物的类型和形态能通过合金成分组合控制.从连续冷却转变图获得的相转变行为对热处理过程提供了有用的指导.投入实际应用时其抗磨性优于常规轧辊.     

应力状态和渗氢条件在非晶态NiCrFeSiB合金氢脆断裂中的作用

通过慢应变速率拉伸、断口观察和断裂力学分析等方法研究了非晶态NiCrFeSiB合金氢脆断裂过程和断口形态的关系.试样的应力状态,氢的渗入量及其在试样中的分布,以及非晶态合金塑性变形局部化的程度等因素对断裂过程都有影响.当渗氢量较低时,断裂方式主要由试样的应力状态所决定,发生近表面区的平面应力断裂和内部的平面应变断裂.当渗氢量较高,且氢由表面向内部分布的浓度梯度较陡时,发生表面区的"解理"型断裂和核心区的延性断裂.在渗氢量适中,氢浓度梯度平缓的条件下,出现由表面向内部塑性变形程度逐渐增大的"河流"形态.根据     

钛在海水中的阴极充氢行为

运用H型双面电解槽，采用双面电解充氢法对海水中自然表面钛片进行恒电流电解充氢，研究了钛在海水中的阴极充氢过程。用X-射线衍射法对充氢后碎裂钛片进行检测，同时探讨了试样厚度、充氢电流密度和阳极氧化电位对于氢渗过程的影响。结果表明，表面膜是氢渗过程的控制因素：试样厚度增加，氢氧化峰值电流和峰值电流出现时间增加：峰值电流随充氢电流密度和B面氧化电位升高而增大，而峰值电流出现时间随充氢电流密度和B面氧化电位升高而减小。     

GH718合金氢渗透特性的研究

ＧＨ７１８合金氢渗透特性的研究徐坚，孙秀魁，刘清泉，陈文绣（中国科学院金属研究所，快速凝固非平衡合金国家重点实验室沈阳１１００１５）１前言ＧＨ７１８（ＩＮＣＯＮＥＬ７１８）合金广泛用作为涡轮叶片、氢燃发动机、核反应堆器壁等部件的材料．由于使用环境中氢...     

Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility and permeability of two ultra-high strength steels

Slow displacement rate tensile tests were carried out in a saturated H₂S solution to investigate the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on notched tensile strength (NTS) and fracture characteristics of two ultra-high strength steels (PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel and T-200 maraging steel). Hydrogen permeation properties were determined by an electrochemical permeation method. The results of permeation tests indicated that over-aged specimens showed a lower diffusivity/hydrogen flux and higher solubility than those solution-annealed. The great increase in reverted austenite (irreversible hydrogen traps) together with numerous precipitates at the expense of dislocations (reversible) in the over-aged specimen led to such a change in permeability. Ordinary tensile tests indicated that four tested specimens had roughly the same yield strength level. Hence, the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the material could be related to their permeation properties. The uniform distribution of strong hydrogen traps in over-aged specimens instead of weak traps in the solution-annealed impeded the hydrogen transport toward the strained region, thus, the resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking was improved in over-aged specimens.     

On problems of multicomponent system maintenance modelling

We present an overview of some recent developments in the area of mathematical modeling of maintenance decisions for multi-unit systems. The emphasis is on three main groups of multicomponent maintenance optimization models： the block replacement models, group maintenance models, and opportunistic maintenance models. Moreover, an example of a two-unit system maintenance process is provided in order to compare various maintenance policies.     

Drug self-assembly: A phenomenon at the nanometer scale with major impact in the structure–biological properties relationship and the treatment of disease

Under water-rich conditions, small amphiphilic and hydrophobic drug molecules self-assemble into supramolecular nanostructures. Thus, substantial modifications in their interaction with cellular structures and the ability to reach intracellular targets could happen. Additionally, drug aggregates could be more toxic than the non-aggregated counterparts, or vice versa. Moreover, since self-aggregation reduces the number of effective “monomeric” molecules that interact with the target, the drug potency could be underestimated. In other cases, the activity could be ascribed to the non-aggregated molecule while it stems from its aggregates. Thus, drug self-assembly could mislead from drug throughput screening assays to advanced preclinical and clinical trials. Finally, aggregates could serve as crystallization nuclei. The impact that this phenomenon has on the biological performance of active compounds, the inconsistent and often controversial nature of the published data and the need for recommendations/guidelines as preamble of more harmonized research protocols to characterize drug self-aggregation were main motivations for this review. First, the key molecular and environmental parameters governing drug self-aggregation, the main drug families for which this phenomenon and the methods used for its characterization are described. Then, promising nanotechnology platforms investigated to prevent/control it towards a more efficient drug development process are briefly discussed.     

GPC法测定PAN的平均相对分子质量及其分布

用凝胶渗透色谱 (GPC)测定PAN的平均相对分子质量及其分布。采用宽分布的PAN标准试样 ,在溶剂二甲基甲酰胺中加入 0 .0 4～ 0 .0 8mol/L的NaNO3替代LiBr ,提高了色谱柱的分离效果。用计算机模拟出PAN的GPC校正曲线方程 ,对宽分布的标准试样进行重复测定 ,结果相对标准偏差均小于 3 .5 %。     

Multicomponent diffusion in phase-separating polymer blends with different frictional interactions: a mean-friction model

We present a compact formula for describing the mean frictional forces acting on a molecule in multicomponent systems. The friction-based diffusion theory of Zielinski and Hanley was extended to newly include the friction-average molar velocity as a reference frame. The results showed that the previous diffusion theories are unified by the friction-average concept by properly choosing the average velocity. The present model based on the diffusivity-related molar average velocity provides better predictions for the diffusive flux in a ternary miscible liquid compared to the other existing theories. The application of the model in phase-separating ternary systems revealed that the introduction of a highly diffusive third component into demixing polymer blends promotes a particular enhancement of the spinodal decomposition due to the difference in the frictional interactions between polymers.