Effects of WC particle size on densification and properties of spark plasma sintered WC–Co cermet

The WC–Co cermet bulks were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using powder mixtures with different-scaled WC particles. The SPS densification process was studied by calculating the current distribution between the powder sample and the die in the SPS system. The microstructures were characterized and compared for different samples by the WC grain size, Co mean free path and contiguity of WC grains. In spite of a weak effect of WC particle size on the SPS densification stages, the WC particle size plays a significant role in the homogeneity of the cermet microstructure. Good mechanical properties of the SPSed cermet were obtained with an optimized WC and Co particle-size combination. The effects of scale combination of WC and Co particles on the microstructure hence the properties of the SPSed cermet were discussed.     

用改良静滴法测量液态Ni基合金的密度和摩尔体积

采用改良静滴法测量并通过软件的计算得到了4种商用镍基合金的密度.结果表明,随着温度的升高,4种液态镍基合金的密度逐渐减小,摩尔体积逐渐增大.与理想混合状态相比,液体镍基合金的摩尔体积出现负偏差.从而可以推测在合金中各种原子之间发生了调整.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层的研究

为了改善Ti6Al4V钛合金表面耐磨性能和抗高温氧化性能,采用CO2激光在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面进行激光熔覆Ni基梯度涂层试验.利用扫描电镜和显微硬度计等手段分析了熔覆层组织,测试了基体和熔覆层的显微硬度.结果表明,采用适当的工艺参数,可以在钛合金表面获得连续、均匀、无裂纹和气孔的熔覆层.熔覆层组织由树枝晶和晶间共晶组织构成,并与基体形成牢固的冶金结合.由基体到表面,显微硬度过渡平稳,呈明显梯度渐变特征.     

等离子熔覆Cr7C3/γ-Fe金属陶瓷复合材料涂层的组织与耐磨性研究

以Fe-Cr-C合金粉末为原料,采用等离子熔覆技术,在调质C级钢表面制得以原位生成初生相Cr7C3为增强相的新型陶瓷复合材料涂层.利用光子显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)和能量色散谱(EDS)等分析了涂层的显微组织,并在室温干滑动磨损及二体磨料磨损条件下测试了该涂层的耐磨性能.结果表明,涂层组织包括Cr7C3增强相和γ-Fe固溶体与少量Cr7C3构成的共晶;由于Cr7C3/γ-Fe快速凝固复合材料涂层组织细小、均匀,在滑动磨损过程中不易与对偶件黏着、在磨料磨损过程中具有很高的抗切削抗剥落能力,因而在干滑动磨损及二体磨料磨损条件下涂层均具有优良的耐磨性能.     

五氧化二钒对铁酸镍基金属陶瓷惰性阳极导电行为的影响

以NiO,Fe2O3,Ag粉和微量V2O5为原料,用粉末冶金法制备掺杂V2O5的镍铁尖晶石金属陶瓷惰性阳极,研究V2O5对惰性阳极材料微观形貌和电导率的影响.结果表明:添加V2O5后,V2O5与Fe2O3和NiO形成低熔点的化合物Ni2FeVO6,该物质在烧结过程中呈液相.液相的出现使金属银在陶瓷相中呈细长的线状分布.能谱分析发现:金属相中含有陶瓷相的组成,说明金属相与陶瓷相间的润湿性有所改善.同时,样品的电导率显著提高.当添加2.0%(以质量计)V2O5时,样品的电导率约为无添加剂的Ag/NiFe2O4金属陶瓷样品的7倍,这主要是因为V2O5在烧结过程中形成液相,改善金属相与陶瓷相间的界面相容性,从而改变金属相在陶瓷相中的分布状况.掺杂后,样品的电导率在450～650 ℃之间发生突变,呈现急剧上升,这可能是由于添加剂诱发NiFe2O4的磁性发生变化,从而导致电导率发生突变.     

Vacuum-assisted electroless copper plating on Ni/(Sm,Ce)O2 anodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Cu is incorporated by vacuum-assisted electroless plating into porous Ni/Sm_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9 (Ni/SDC) anodes as the active anodes for the oxidation reaction of hydrogen and methane of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation indicates the formation of a uniformly distributed nano-structured Cu network within the porous Ni/SDC microstructure. The maximum power density of the cell with the Cu electroless-plated Ni/SDC anodes is 0.84 and 0.54 W cm⁻² in dry H₂ and dry CH₄ at 600 °C, respectively, enhanced by ∼30% as compared to the cell with conventional Ni/SDC anodes. The increase in the performance of the cell with the Cu electroless-plated Ni/SDC anodes is most likely attributed to the enlarged effective three-phase boundaries (TPBs) by interconnecting the isolated Ni and/or SDC particles with the electroless-plated Cu network and the formation of TPBs at the Cu/SDC interface due to the activation of SDC surface by the Cu deposition. The stability test shows that cell degradation in dry methane due to carbon deposition is significantly reduced by the electroless copper plating.     

助剂对镍基生物质焦油重整催化剂性能影响的研究进展

分别以碱及碱土金属、过渡金属以及稀土金属3种常见助剂类型,探讨了不同助剂对镍基催化剂催化生物质裂解及气化重整制氢催化活性、催化剂物化特性及催化剂失活特性的影响。添加碱金属组分后,生物质热解反应速率会大幅上升,生物质焦的水蒸气气化反应得到促进,并且达到最大热解速率所需的温度也有所降低,热解产物趋向于小分子量产物;过渡金属对生物质气化过程中生成焦油的催化裂解重整具有较好的催化活性;稀土元素对甲醇水蒸气重整等催化反应有着重要的作用,镍基催化剂中加入Ce和Pr能提高甲醇转化率、改善产气组分、提高H₂的选择性。结合国内外的研究情况发现钴、镧等金属助剂有利于提升镍基催化剂重整制氢活性,催化剂积炭及表面活性颗粒的聚集是造成催化剂失活的主要原因。     

基于灰色理论镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳研究

基于灰色理论研究DD3镍基单晶合金高温多轴非比例加载低周疲劳特性,对等效应变范围、温度、应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角和轴向应变比等影响疲劳寿命的因素进行灰色关联度分析,并引入损伤参量Q表征非对称循环特性和拉/扭多轴效应,以参量Q、等效应变范围Δεe和Mises等效应力范围Δσe构造疲劳损伤参量,建立低周疲劳寿命GM(1, N)预测模型。结果表明,各影响因素与多轴低周疲劳寿命的关联度等级依次为等效应变范围、温度和应变路径角为一级,拉/扭载荷相位角为二级,轴向应变比为三级;680 ℃和850 ℃温度下的GM(1, N)疲劳寿命模型的预测寿命与试验寿命的绝对关联度分别为0.97、0.86,平均相对误差分别为4.9%、6.0%;两种温度的试验数据几乎分别落在1.93、2.13倍偏差分布带内。     

Investigation on microstructures of NiO–YSZ composite and Ni–YSZ cermet for SOFCs

NiO–YSZ composites and Ni–YSZ cermets were successfully performed for solid oxide fuel cell applications. These composites must have enough porosity and appropriate microstructure for transferring the fuel gases. In this study, ball-milling was used as a simple, cost-effective method for the purpose of mixing the raw materials. The homogeneity of NiO–YSZ composites was examined by Map mode of SEM. NiO–YSZ composites were reduced at the high temperature under the controlled atmosphere to fabricate Ni–YSZ cermet. Variations in the anode phases were investigated by XRD and microstructure and porosity of composites were observed by SEM. Effective parameters like temperatures and the amount of pore former were investigated on open porosity, bulk density, electrical conductivity as well as electrochemical impedance of NiO–YSZ composites and Ni–YSZ cermet. A thin layer of YSZ was deposited by EPD as an electrolyte on NiO–YSZ composites which had various amount of open porosity, to study its effect on the performance of semi-cells by electrochemical impedance.     

Ni/Ce-MCM-41 mesostructured catalysts for simultaneous production of hydrogen and nanocarbon via methane decomposition

For the first time, simultaneous production of hydrogen and nanocarbon via catalytic decomposition of methane over Ni-loaded mesoporous Ce-MCM-41 catalysts was investigated. The catalytic performance of the Ni/Ce-MCM-41 catalysts is very stable and the reaction activity remained almost unchanged during 1400 min steam on time at temperatures 540, 560 and 580 °C, respectively. The methane conversion level over these catalysts reached 60–75% with a 100% selectivity towards hydrogen. TEM observations revealed that most of the Ni particles located on the tip of the carbon nanofibers/nanotubes in the used catalysts, keeping their exposed surface clean during the test and thus remaining active for continuous reaction without obvious deactivation. Two kinds of carbon materials, graphitic carbon (C_g) as major and amorphous carbon (C_A) as minor were produced in the reaction, as confirmed by XRD analysis and TEM observations. Carbon nanofibers/nanotubes had an average diameter of approximately 30–50 nm and tens micrometers in length, depending on the reaction temperature, reaction time and Ni particle diameter. Four types of carbon nanofibers/nanotubes were detected and their formations greatly depend on the reaction temperature, time on steam and degree of the interaction between the metallic Ni and support. The respective mechanisms of the formation of nanocarbons were postulated and discussed.