HIGH TEMPERATURE FATIGUE IN SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS

Abstract— The growth rate of fatigue cracks in two single crystal nickel base superalloys, CMSX-6 and SRR99, along the <001> planes are presented and rationalised in terms of two interacting crack propagation mechanisms: one attributed to crack tip plastic blunting and the other attributed to the brittle failure of the oxide scales. The role of the oxide scale is twofold as it also wedges the crack and modifies the blunting term through a crack closure effect. On the other hand, a positive effective stress intensity range is required to fracture the oxide scale. Fatigue tests were carried out at different temperatures (500 to 1050°C), frequencies (0.001 to 20 Hz), cycle waveforms and load ratios (0 to 0.9), with starter crack lengths of abut 100 μm. The model predictions match the crack growth rates obtained for both materials. Even though both materials are nickel base superalloys, they have very different oxidation behaviours. CMSX-6 has an improved oxidation resistance over SRR99, however, because of the twofold nature of the oxidation process, which material provides the better life expectancy depends on the applied test temperature and loading cycle.     

难熔元素W/Re对镍基单晶高温合金再结晶的影响

两种实验合金(DD00和DD0WR)被设计用于阐明难熔元素W/Re对镍基单晶高温合金再结晶行为的影响。对比DD00合金,加入W/Re的DD0WR合金的再结晶形核阶段被延长,晶粒长大速率减慢,这也意味着DD0WR合金的再结晶行为明显受到抑制。通过透射电镜(TEM)明场像观察,随着热处理时间地延长,DD0WR合金的位错密度消除得更慢。结合TEM中扫描透射电子显微探测器(STEM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)观察发现,在DD0WR合金中,位错和晶界处有W/Re元素富集。据此可知,对于DD0WR合金,由于难熔元素W/Re在位错和晶界处富集,阻碍了位错运动和晶界迁移,有效地抑制了再结晶的发生。     

Investigation the effect of crystal orientation of nickel‐based single crystal superalloys on bending creep tests

The relationship between the three points bending creep test and the uni‐axial creep test on the single crystal superalloy was investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model. The purpose of the present work is to build the relationship between bending creep and conventional uni‐axial tensile creep in determining crystallographic creep parameters for face centered cubic (FCC) nickel‐based single crystal superalloys. To this aim, the bending creep performed on [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐oriented nickel‐based single crystal superalloys were respectively investigated, and the data was compared with those obtained with uni‐axial tensile creep counterparts. It shows that the determination of crystallographic creep stress exponent is independent of crystallographic orientations, and the results agree reasonably well between bending creep test and uni‐axial tensile creep test. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time‐dependent deformation mechanisms with the bending creep method.     

镍基单晶高温合金扩散阻挡层的研究进展

综述了镍基单晶高温合金扩散阻挡层的国内外研究进展。简要介绍了高温防护涂层/镍基单晶高温合金基体元素的互扩散现象,说明了扩散阻挡层的作用机理,阐述了扩散阻挡层的设计原则和要求,通过对比分析了各类扩散阻挡层的优缺点。最后对镍基单晶高温合金用扩散阻挡层的研究做出了展望。     

合金元素钨对新型Co-Al-W合金热腐蚀行为的影响

研究Co-Al-W和商用MAN900合金在800℃75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl混合熔盐中的腐蚀动力学及热腐蚀行为。结果表明:7.5 W、9.8 W和10.7 W合金经热腐蚀后质量增加量比MAN900合金的质量增加量少,Co-Al-W合金的耐热腐蚀能力比MAN900合金的耐热腐蚀能力强。Co-Al-W合金在熔盐中腐蚀膜结构分成3层,即呈蓬松状由富钴氧化物Co3O4组成的腐蚀膜最外层,由Co、Al、W复杂氧化物组成的中间过渡层和主要由Al及Co氧化物组成较致密的腐蚀膜内层。随着腐蚀时间的增加,合金腐蚀膜最外层由于脱落逐渐变薄;中间过渡层厚度逐渐增加,该层中各元素分布趋于均匀、稳定;腐蚀膜内层致密性增加使该层增厚不明显。     

孔洞形态对镍基单晶合金蠕变行为的影响

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究不同形态孔洞缺陷对单晶镍基合金蠕变性能的影响,针对合金中存在有/无裂纹孔洞等铸造缺陷,对高温蠕变期间近有/无孔洞区域的应力分布进行有限元分析,根据拉应力载荷下近孔洞区域的微观应力分布特性,分析不同形态孔洞区域应力分布对单晶合金蠕变行为及组织演化的影响.结果表明:在高温蠕变期间,近有/无裂纹孔洞区域的应力分布对合金中)γ'相筏形化的形态有明显影响,在有/无裂纹孔洞两侧极点处,存在最大应力值,且可致使其裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向发生萌生与扩展;与无裂纹孔洞相比,在有裂纹孔洞两侧的极点处应力值较大,随着蠕变的进行,在较大应力处易于发生裂纹的扩展是合金具有较低蠕变寿命的主要原因.     

几种微量元素在高温合金中的作用与机理

研究几种微量元素对高温合金力学性能和微观组织结构的影响;从晶界结合力、晶界沉淀和凝固偏析等方面对微量元素的不同作用进行讨论.结果表明:适量的B、C、Y、La、Ce、Zr和Mg明显改善高温合金的持久性能;Si和S则明显降低高温合金的持久性能;而P对一些高温合金特别是变形高温合金表现出有益作用,而对另一些高温合金特别是铸造合金表现出有害作用.     

Condition assessment techniques for degraded gas turbine superalloy materials

Direct and indirect methods of quantifying structural damage or residual mechanical properties have been investigated and compared for virgin Nimonic 115 and ex-service material from gas turbine blading. Whilst the indirect technique of X-ray diffraction line profile analysis exhibits a significant increase in line width with increasing creep strain, the current level of experimental scatter would need to be reduced for it to be a useful life assessment tool. The direct technique of temperature accelerated stress rupture (isostress) testing is shown to produce data which can be extrapolated to service conditions with confidence and which can be used in an assessment procedure. Stress accelerated rupture testing is demonstrated to give an unduly conservative indication of residual rupture properties at service conditions.     

镍基合金中元素的ICP分析方法研究

将待测试样溶解成溶液,然后将溶液引入等离子光源使待测元素激发产生谱线,仪器根据待测元素谱线强度给出分析结果。标准规定了ICPS-1000IV型单道扫描光谱仪的分析方法。经过反复试验研究证明该方法准确度高,分析周期短。