The effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the nitrification of forest soils

The effect of fertilization with urea and ammonium nitrate on nitrogen mineralization was studied in a series of laboratory incubation experiments. The samples (humus layer) were collected from field experiments with different applications of fertilizers during a period of 11–14 years. The nitrogen fertilization influenced some chemical properties of the humus layer such as pH, N-Kjeldahl content and the content of inorganic nitrogen, especially in the samples from North Sweden. Nitrate nitrogen was formed in humus samples classified as non-nitrifying in several cases, usually after urea fertilization.     

The fate of fuel-nitrogen during gasification of biomass in a pressurised fluidised bed gasifier

The distribution of fuel-nitrogen in gases, tar and char from gasification of biomass in a pressurised fluidised bed gasifier was investigated. Four species of biomass: birch, Salix, Miscanthus and Reed canary grass were gasified at 0.4 MPa and 900 °C. Oxygen-enriched nitrogen was used as fluidising agent. As a reference, gasification of Daw Mill coal was also carried out under the same experimental conditions. The experimental results illustrate that both the nature of the original fuels and the chemical structure of the nitrogen in the fuel have influence on the distribution of fuel-nitrogen in gases (NH₃, HCN, NO), tar and char under the employed experimental conditions. The present work also shows that the types of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NHCs) in the tar from different kinds of biomass are the same and the major compound is pyridine. However, the distribution of the various NHCs in the tar from the four species of biomass varies: the higher the content of fuel-nitrogen, the higher the concentration of two-ring NHCs in the tar. An effective method for extracting NHCs from the acidic absorption of the product gas was introduced in the present work. The method makes use of solid phase extraction (SPE) by a silica-based C₁₈ tube to extract the NHCs which subsequently were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection (FID). The recovery and reproducibility of the SPE technique for NHCs is discussed.     

基于ANSYS的变刚度螺旋弹簧优化设计

结合现有的弹簧设计理论及方法和ANSYS软件的优化功能,采用APDL语言实现了一种变刚度螺旋弹簧参数化的优化设计,给出其基本设计过程。采用该程序对实例中的弹簧进行优化分析,实例表明,提出的设计方法简单易行,结果合理。     

高温环境下侧向弹性约束对钢柱稳定长度的影响

基于结构弹性稳定理论原理,导出了高温环境下钢柱在轴向荷载作用时具有弹性支座的稳定长度计算式,分析了弹簧刚度、耐火保护层、温度等参数对钢柱稳定长度的影响,进一步提出了在实际工程中应采取的有关措施。     

基于虚拟弹簧的欠驱动手指的动力学建模和控制

采用虚拟弹簧对2关节欠驱动手指进行了动力学建模。并使用该方法建立实际的3关节欠驱动手指的动力学模型,通过动态控制实验验证了动力学模型的正确性。该方法不仅避免了求解微分几何方程,并且直接派生出可解耦的动力学模型。可直接进行逆动力学分析、仿真和实时控制。同时,建立了基于动力学模型的速度观测器,用于轨迹跟踪,弥补了欠驱动手没有速度传感器的缺点,补偿了欠驱动环节造成的不确定因素。与PID或计算力矩法相比较,其轨迹跟踪误差更小,动态控制效果更好。     

高渗透稠油油藏氮气泡沫驱现场实践与认识

八面河油田面14区沙河街组沙三上段属于高孔高渗透普通稠油油藏,受储层非均质性,注水、边水推进等原因,在油田开发过程中表现出含水上升快,产量自然递减快,采出程度低的开发特点。针对高渗透稠油油藏特高含水开发初期稳油控水,2007年开展了整体氮气泡沫驱现场试验,取得了显著的控水增油效果,投入产出比为1∶7.0。研究结果对于同类油田氮气驱提高采收率具有一定的借鉴意义。     

物理填加法回收利用泡沫塑料边角废料

介绍了物理填加法回收利用泡沫塑料边角废料,其中重点介绍了用物理填加法回收利用软质泡沫塑料边角废料的生产工艺及设备,并对填加废料与不填加废料生产的经济性进行比较。     

玩具车轮胎气动推出注射模

气动推出注射模是注射模中的一种典型结构，它是利用压缩空气推出塑件；玩具车中的轮胎是结构独特而常用的一种塑件。用注射成型，脱模方法就是气动脱模。轮胎气动推出模的常用结构是由高压空气推开锥形阀门进入型腔，将塑件强行推出。阀门由弹簧复位。本文介绍另一种简单实用的气阀结构，经实践检验，非常稳定可靠。     

Calculation of single adsorption isotherms from gravimetrically measured binary gas mixture adsorption isotherms on activated carbon at high pressures

A method is developed for the calculation of single-component adsorption isotherms from gravimetrically measured binary gas mixture adsorption isotherms at high pressures, at two temperatures and for different mole fractions of the gas phase. The adsorption of nitrogen/methane on active carbon Norit R1 is taken as an experimental example.     

Crop residue,manure and fertilizer in dryland maize under reduced tillage in northern China: I grain yields and nutrient use efficiencies

The rapidly increasing population and associated quest for food and feed in China has led to increased soil cultivation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and as a consequence to increased wind erosion and unbalanced crop nutrition. In the study presented here, we explored the long-term effects of various combinations of maize stover, cattle manure and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutrient and water use efficiencies under reduced tillage practices. In a companion paper, we present the effects on nutrient balances and soil fertility characteristics. The ongoing factorial field trial was conducted at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China from 1993 onwards. The incomplete, determinant-optimal design comprised 12 treatments, including a control treatment, in duplicate. Grain yields and N, P, and potassium (K) uptakes and N, P and K use efficiencies were greatly influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season (GSR), and by soil water at sowing (SWS). There were highly significant interactions between GSR and added stover and manure, expressed in complex annual variations in grain yield and N, P and K use efficiencies. Annual mean grain yields ranged from 3,000 kg ha⁻¹ to 10,000 kg ha⁻¹ and treatment mean yields from 4,500 kg ha⁻¹ to 7,000 kg ha⁻¹. Balanced combination of stover (3,000–6,000 kg), manure (1,500–6,000 kg) and N fertilizer (105 kg) gave the highest yield. Stover and manure were important for supplying K, but the effects differed greatly between years. Overall mean N recovery efficiency (NRE) ranged from 28% to 54%, depending on N source. NRE in wet years ranged from 50% to 90%. In conclusion, balanced combinations of stover, manure and NP fertilizer gave the highest yield and NRE. Reduced tillage with adding stover and manure in autumn prior to ploughing is effective in minimizing labor requirement and wind erosion. The potentials of split applications of N fertilizer, targeted to the need of the growing crop (response farming), should be explored to further increase the N use efficiency.