Characterisation and tribological evaluation of nitrogen-containing molybdenum–copper PVD metallic nanocomposite films

This paper reports on the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of molybdenum–copper nanocomposite films ‘doped’ with small amounts of nitrogen, which contain either no nitride phase (i.e. the nitrogen is held in interstitial solid solution, mainly in molybdenum) or small amounts of lower nitrides (i.e. Mo₂N). All films were deposited on Si wafers, AISI M2 high speed steel and AISI 316 stainless steel by reactive sputtering using a hot-filament-enhanced dc unbalanced magnetron system. A systematic approach was adopted to investigate the evolution of metal/metal and ceramic/metal phase combinations with increasing nitrogen content (up to 40 at.% N) in the film. Coating composition and microstructure were determined by cross-sectional TEM, SEM and XPS. XRD was used to identify (where possible) metallic and metal-nitride phases. Mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus were determined by low load Knoop and instrumented Vickers indentation measurements. Reciprocating sliding, micro-abrasion and impact tests were performed to assess tribological performance.

It was found that increasing the nitrogen gas flow rate from 0 to 15 sccm (and therefore nitrogen content in the film from 0 to 24 at.% N), refined significantly the coating microstructure from columnar to a dense and more equiaxed morphology, increasing the hardness whilst maintaining (almost constant) elastic modulus values, close to that of molybdenum metal. Further increases in the nitrogen gas flow rate resulted in films that appeared to contain significant fractions of the Mo₂N ceramic phase. SEM and cross-sectional TEM analyses of the film deposited at a nitrogen flow rate of 20 sccm (containing 36 at.% N) demonstrated a microstructure consisting of 50–100 nm wide columns, which contain small regions of contrast in dark-field images, of the order of 3–5 nm wide. A maximum hardness of 32 GPa and the highest hardness/modulus ratio was however found in the (predominantly metallic) film deposited at a nitrogen gas flow rate of 15 sccm. This film also performed best in both micro-abrasion and impact wear tests; in contrast, the ‘ceramic’ film (deposited at 20 sccm nitrogen flow rate) performed better in reciprocating sliding wear.     

大截面板簧和稳定杆的热处理改进

合理选择淬火冷却介质和确定零件的材料产品质量取于受控状态和确保产品质量的提高。     

基于Stewart平台的空间对接动力学模拟的稳定性研究

在地面进行空间对接动力学的模拟实验是实现空间对接不可或缺的过程。本文利用Stewart平台实现由动力学方程解算得到的两航天器相对运动轨迹，提出用质量-弹簧-阻尼系统来研究空间两航天器对接动力学过程模拟中的稳定性问题。建立了基于Stewart平台位置内环的动力学回路系统模型，推导出为使模拟系统稳定的动力学参数之间的配置关系，论证了Stewart平台的频率特性与动力学系统谐振频率之间的关系。为空间对接动力学过程的模拟奠定了理论基础。     

55SiMnVB弹簧钢疲劳破坏特性的研究

报道了汽车钢板弹簧用钢55SiMnVB在不同热处理制度下的单片疲劳试验和高频疲劳试验结果,并运用断裂力学及显微组织与断口分析等方法,研究了钢的疲劳断裂特性.     

汽车用优质60Si2Mn弹簧钢控轧控冷工艺研究

利用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机测定了60Si2Mn弹簧钢的CCT曲线,研究了终轧温度、冷却速度对该钢种显微组织、珠光体量、珠光体片层间距、平均晶粒尺寸以及力学性能的影响。结果表明,60Si2Mn棒材生产的最优终轧温度为830~850℃,冷却速度应控制在4~5℃/s。     

Effect of nitrogen on corrosion behavior of 28Cr-7Ni duplex and microduplex stainless steels in air-saturated 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

The corrosion behavior of 28Cr-7Ni-O-0.34N duplex stainless steels in air-saturated 3.5-wt% NaCl solution at pH 2, 7, 10 and 27 °C was studied by the potentiodynamic method. Two types of microstructures were investigated: the as-forged duplex and microduplex (average austenite grain size 5-16 μm) structures. The austenite volume fractions of the tested steels were between 0.35 and 0.64. The nitrogen effect on corrosion behaviors of both duplex and microduplex stainless steels were the same. At pH 2, the corrosion potential increased when the nitrogen content increased, however, corrosion current density as well as corrosion rate decreased. At pH 7 and 10, the effect of nitrogen on corrosion potential and corrosion rate could not be observed. Corrosion potential at pH 10 was lower than at pH 7. Pitting potential increased when the nitrogen content in the tested steels increased at all tested pH. For the nitrogen effect on the passive current density, it seemed that only at pH 2, the average passive current densities reduced when the nitrogen content increased. Nitrogen may have participated in the passive film or has been involved in the reaction to build up passive film. The ammonium formation and nitrogen enrichment at the interface metal/passive film with adsorption mechanism were discussed. The dissolute nitrogen might have combined with the hydrogen ions in solution to form ammonium ions, resulting in increasing solution pH. The steel could then easily repassivate, hence the corrosion potential and pitting potential would increase. However, the ammonium formation mechanism could not explain the decrease of corrosion potential in basic solution. Nitrogen enrichment at the metal/passive film interface with adsorption mechanism seemed to be an applicable consideration in increasing pitting potential. However, this mechanism did not involve the ammonium ion formation. In general, for the duplex and microduplex stainless steels tested, nitrogen increased the general corrosion resistances in acid solution and pitting corrosion resistance at all solution pH. Metallographic observation in both tested duplex and microduplex steels after pitting corrosion at all tested pH revealed that, the corroded structure in the tested steels without nitrogen alloying was austenite, but those with nitrogen alloying was ferrite. Even though ferrite had a higher chromium content than austenite but higher dissolved nitrogen in austenite than in ferrite may have increased the pitting resistance equivalent number (PRE) of austenite to be higher than that of ferrite.     

Hydrogen effects on the passive film formation and pitting susceptibility of nitrogen containing type 316L stainless steels

The effects of hydrogen on the passivity and pitting susceptibility of type 316L stainless steels have been investigated with alloys containing different nitrogen contents (0.015, 0.198 and 0.556 wt.% N). The study revealed that electrochemically pre-charged hydrogen significantly reduced the pitting resistance of alloys conatining 0.015 and 0.198 wt.% nitrogen contents. In alloy with highest nitrogen content (0.556 wt.% N), an increase in the passive film current density with hydrogen was observed without affecting breakdown potential. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analysis of the passive film indicated the presence of nitrogen in the passive film. On other hand, for hydrogen charged samples, nitrogen was found to be significantly less in the passive film. In Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, the decrease in semi-circle radius of Nyquist plot, and the polarization resistance, R_P associated with the resistance of the passive film was observed with hydrogen, indicating that hydrogen decreased the stability of the passive film. The present investigation indicated that precharged hydrogen deteriorated the passive film stability and pitting corrosion resistance in these alloys, and the increase in nitrogen content of the alloy offsets the deleterious effect of precharged hydrogen.     

空气弹簧系统的计算机虚拟设计

随着计算机科学的迅猛发展和工程力学有限元分析理论的不断成熟,空气弹簧的设计和开发由早期主要依靠试验和实际运用中得到的数据来改进转向了计算机虚拟设计与试验相结合的渠道上来.本文运用CAD软件建立了空气弹簧系统的三维立体模型,通过有限元分析,建立了空气弹簧系统的有限元模型,并进行了垂向力学特性分析,其结果与试验结果相一致,为空气弹簧的设计和制造提供了有益的参考.     

旋转吹氮铝液精炼方式的改进及效果研究

为了改善铝合金重力铸造中针孔及夹杂缺陷，通过对吹氮净化铝液工艺中的旋转喷头的改进，来细化氮气气泡的体积，增加氮气与铝液的接触面积，从而提高除气除渣的效果，达到铝液净化的目的，最终提高产品的质量。     

Semi-physical mean-value NOx model for diesel engine control

A semi-physical model has been developed to predict nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions produced by diesel engines. This model is suitable for online NO_x estimation and for model-based engine control. It is derived from a zero-dimensional thermodynamic model which was simplified by only retaining main phenomena contributing to NO_x formation. The crank angle evolution of the burned gas temperature, which has a strong impact on NO_x formation rate, is described by a semi-empirical model whose key variable is the maximum burned gas temperature. This variable presents a good correlation with the molar fraction of NO_x at the end of combustion and can be expressed as a function of the intake burned gas ratio and the start of combustion. The maximum burned gas temperature sub-model is then coupled to an averaged NO_x formation kinetic model (based on the Zeldovich mechanism) to form a mean-value model for NO_x computation. This latter model was validated using data sets recorded in two diesel engines for steady-state operating conditions as well as for several driving cycles including parametric variations of the engine calibration.