Recovery of chromium from tannery effluents using a redox–adsorption approach

Adsorption isotherms for sodium and trivalent chromium uptake from aqueous solutions onto Amberlite resin were prepared at 18°C. Adsorption of each cation followed the Langmuir model. The rate of uptake of each cation was found to be film diffusion controlled with sodium showing the most rapid uptake. In aqueous solutions containing both chromium and sodium as the only cationic species, it was found that with increasing initial concentration of sodium, the trivalent chromium uptake on the resin decreased substantially. To overcome this difficulty a four step redox–adsorption system has been developed for the removal of Cr³⁺ from tannery effluents. The first step comprises the oxidation of trivalent chromium to the hexavalent form using selected common oxidising agents. The liquid effluent is then passed through an Amberlite cation-exchange resin in step 2 where the sodium in the waste stream is completely removed. The anionic hexavalent form of chromium (Cr₂O) passes unaltered through the resin along with the waste stream. In the third stage the dichromate is reduced back to the trivalent cationic form which is subsequently removed from the waste stream by a second Amberlite ion-exchange bed in stage 4. Each step in this process is assessed in batch and flow mode using simulated and real tannery effluents.     

Influence of ions on the critical behavior of a binary mixture near the consolute point

The lower critical point of stratification of a 3-methylpyridine (MP)+heavy water (D₂O) mixture in the presence of Na⁺ and CI^– ions has been studied by the Toepler shadow method. Addition of 0.3% ions lowered the critical temperature and reduced the equilibration time and the gradient of the refractive index (compressibillity). The analysis of the form of the near-critical isotherm demonstrated the ionic mixture to be described by the index = 3.05 ± 0.15. which corresponds to the classical mean-field theory. The results obtained provide evidence that even small admixtures of charged particles result in a substantial suppression of fluctuations near the critical point by the long-range Coulomb interaction.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Adsorption isotherms of pigments from alkali-refined vegetable oils with clay minerals

Adsorption isotherms of pigments from alkali-refined oils (rapeseed, soybean, wheatgerm, safflower, corn, cottonseed and sunflower) were measured to investigate the applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations and to elucidate the adsorption characteristics of pigments on sepiolites and standard activated clay. The Freundlich equation was more applicable to the experimental adsorption isotherms. The equilibrium amount adsorbed, acidity, pore size distribution and inflection of the Freundlich isotherms could be explained by assuming that pigments were adsorbed on the stronger acid sites in smaller pores at low concentration, and then in the larger ones when the concentration increased. The amount adsorbed increased with a rise in adsorption temperatures from 70 to 110°C, and the heat of adsorption was below 10 kcal/mol. The results indicate that pigments were physically adsorbed on the acid sites activated at higher adsorption temperatures.     

工业厂房不同高宽比对室内温度分布的影响研究

以工业厂房的高宽比对室内温度分布的影响作为研究对象,采用质量守恒方程、能量守恒方程进行数值计算,研究了Ra数在103～106之间时,不同高宽比的工业厂房内的等温线、流线的分布特征和Nu数的变化。分析结果表明:随着Ra的增大,房屋内的热传输形式由热传导逐渐向对流传热转换,等温线由竖直逐渐变得水平;室内的流线为环绕于模型边界的两个涡,并随Ra的增大逐渐被分裂,在B=0.5,B=1时,分裂为2个涡流,在B=3,B=2时,分裂为3个涡流,并伴有低湍动状态;Nu数随Ra数的增大而增大,二者的曲线呈幂指数关系,B=3时Nu数最大,表明此时由高温壁面向低温壁面传递的总热量最多。     

Pore structure of new composite adsorbent SiO_2·_xH_2O· yCaCl_2 with high uptake of water from air

The adsorption/desorption property of adsorbent is crucial to the performance and efficiency of a system of extracting water from atmosphere. Several kinds of adsorbent can adsorb water vapor in air, such as molecular sieve and silica gel. But their equilibrium uptake is not high. The authors have prepared a new composite adsorbent——SiO2·xH2O·yCaCl2, which is composed of macro-porous silica gel and calcium chloride. The preparation process is as follows: immerge macro-porous silica gel …     

二元气体等温吸附-解吸中气分的变化规律

进行了CH4—CO2和CH4-N2二元混合气体的等温解吸实验，分析了二元气体在解吸过程中各组分浓度的变化规律．结果表明，在CH4-N2二元气体的解吸过程中，吸附相中CH4组分的相对浓度逐渐增加，N2组分的相对浓度逐渐减少．在CO2-CH4二元气体的解吸过程中，吸附相中CO2组分的相对浓度逐渐增加，CH4组分的相对浓度逐渐减少．实验结果还证实了CO2在与CH4的竞争吸附中占据优势，而N2在与CH4的竞争吸附中处于劣势．注入CO2比注入N2可以更有效地置换或驱替煤层甲烷，提高煤层甲烷的采收率．     

重金属Cu(Ⅱ)在球黏土中的吸附特性

通过批式吸附试验,考察球黏土对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附效果,重点分析吸附时间、吸附剂用量、pH值以及初始质量浓度的影响。结果表明,Cu(Ⅱ)在球黏土上的吸附是一个先快速而后缓慢的过程,在60 min基本达到吸附平衡,且吸附量和吸附率随球黏土用量和Cu(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度的升高而提高。pH值对球黏土的吸附量有较大的影响,当pH值为6时,球黏土的吸附量可达97.93 mg/g。球黏土对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmiur等温吸附模型,拟合得到的最大吸附量为202.383 mg/g,准二阶动力学模型更适合描述球黏土对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附过程,说明控制吸附速率的主要是化学吸附。与其他常见的黏土吸附剂材料相比,球黏土对Cu(Ⅱ)具有良好的吸附性能,可以作为天然矿物吸附剂来处理含Cu(Ⅱ)废水。     

沙柳基磁性多孔炭的制备及其吸附亚甲基蓝性能研究

采用水热法原位改性沙柳生物炭制备磁性多孔炭复合材料,利用SEM、XRD、FT-IR、XPS和BET分别对多孔炭的形貌、结构表征,并研究磁性多孔炭吸附去除废水中亚甲基蓝性能.系列表征分析结果表明磁性复合材料表面疏松多孔,比表面积为63.01 m2/g,含有-COOH、-OH等丰富的官能团.在亚甲基蓝初始质量浓度为50 m...     

煤炭精准开采地质保障技术的发展现状及展望

为研究含水率、粒径、温度等因素对煤样吸附瓦斯特性的影响,选取黄陵二号煤矿2^#煤层煤样,通过HCA型高压瓦斯吸附仪,采用正交实验法开展不同含水率、粒径、温度作用下煤样瓦斯等温吸附实验,得到了影响瓦斯吸附性能的主控因素。研究结果表明：不同含水率、粒径、温度条件下,煤的瓦斯吸附曲线均符合Langmuir理论;各因素对吸附常数a值的敏感性依次为粒径>温度>含水率,粒径影响程度是含水率的3.126倍、温度的4.458倍;各因素对吸附常数b值、吸附饱和度X值的敏感性依次为温度>粒径>含水率,温度对吸附常数b值的影响程度是粒径的3.946倍、含水率的7.719倍,温度对吸附饱和度X值的影响程度是含水率的4.947倍、粒径的1.918倍;煤样优先吸附水分,瓦斯吸附量随含水率的增大而减小;瓦斯吸附过程会放热,当温度升高时,瓦斯吸附量会减少;粒径减小,增大了煤样的比表面积,导致瓦斯吸附量增加。

     

离子交换树脂对山楂汁总酸与总黄酮的静态吸附动力学和热力学的影响

采用静态吸附法研究D315弱碱性阴离子交换树脂对山楂汁总酸和总黄酮的吸附动力学与吸附等温线,并进行模型拟合分析。结果表明,25℃下,D315离子交换树脂对山楂汁总酸和总黄酮的静态吸附数据通过拟二阶动力学模型（R2均大于0.99）拟合分析最佳,表明了此静态吸附过程主要是化学吸附,Elovich模型对数据的拟合度（R2均大于0.95）也进一步证明了该结果;另外,通过W-M模型对数据拟合,表明整个静态吸附过程受多元扩散的共同作用,即粒扩散和膜扩散。综合分析静态吸附等温线结果显示:Langmuir等温模型更有利于拟合D315离子交换树脂对山楂汁总酸和总黄酮的静态吸附数据。