Modelling of temperature and forces when orthogonally machining hardened steel

This paper initially considers heat generation in single-point metal cutting and the direct/indirect techniques employed to measure cutting temperatures. The development of analytical models of the cutting process is briefly reviewed, including more recent work involving finite element (FE) methods. Details are given of the different FE packages and formulation methods used by different researchers. Following on from this, an FE model is presented using FORGE 2® to simulate cutting forces and temperature distributions when orthogonal turning a hardened hot work die steel, AISI H13 (52HRC), with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tooling. Experimental data from infrared chip surface temperature measurements and cutting force output are used to validate the model. Good correlation was obtained between experimental and modelled results for temperature; however, the FE analysis underestimated feed force results due to a lack of adequate workpiece property data and simplistic tool/chip friction assumptions.     

PCBN刀具的特点及实际应用

聚晶立方氮化硼 (PCBN)刀具具有优良的性能 ,其使用寿命远远高于硬质合金刀具 ,可加工大部分高硬度材料 ,因此应用范围非常广泛。它的综合经济效益很高 ,在未来的超硬切削材料领域 ,PCBN刀具是非常理想的选择。     

WEAR AND LIFE OF PCBN TOOLS WHEN DRY-CUTTING BEARING STEEL GCr15

The wear forms and reasons of PCBN tools when dry-cutting bearing steel GCr15 are studied systematically. The effect law of the workpiece hardness on PCBN tools is gained and tool wearing with the quickest speed at the workpiece critical hardness is proved. The life equation at two kinds of workpiece hardness demonstrates that the effect of the cutting speed on the PCBN tool life is less than that of carbide tools and ceramic tools.     

不同PCBN刀具车削硼铸铁的对比研究

使用不同的立方氮化硼刀具材料(PCBN)和刀具结构,在相同加工参数下,对硼铸铁进行切削加工试验,并对比其加工效果。结果表明:同粗粒度的PCBN刀具相比,细粒度的PCBN刀具加工所得的工件表面粗糙度较低,且刀具本身的耐磨性较高;在切削过程中,随着进给量的增大,工件表面粗糙度也增大;PCBN刀具的负倒棱宽度对加工硼铸铁的切削温度和后刀面磨损有较大影响,负倒棱宽度增加,切削温度和刀具磨损增加,而倒棱角度对刀具和切削过程影响有限。     

PCBN刀具切削镍基高温合金刀具磨损的试验研究

通过PCBN刀具对镍基高温合金GH4169进行了车削试验,深入研究了切削时的刀具磨损形态及磨损原因,得出如下结论:通过试验观察看出刀具的磨损形态有前刀面磨损、后刀面磨损、沟槽磨损和刀具破损。其中沟槽磨损最为显著,是刀具失效的主要原因。沟槽磨损的产生原因主要有粘结磨损、扩散磨损和塑性侧流产生的切屑毛刺划擦作用,其中粘结磨损为磨损前期的主要原因,而扩散磨损是磨损后期的主要原因。     

PCBN刀具切削高温合金锯齿形切屑形成机理

高温合金被广泛的应用于航空航天工业中,它是一种典型的难加工材料,切削过程刀具磨损严重。PCBN刀具作为一种超硬刀具材料在加工高温合金方面具有较大潜能,但由于PCBN刀具没有断屑槽,故断屑困难。因此研究切削参数以及刀具磨损对切屑形成的影响规律对推进PCBN刀具的应用具有重要的意义。通过试验研究切削参数和刀具磨损对切削力、切屑宏观状态和切屑微观参数(切屑剪切角、切屑厚度、齿高和齿间角)的影响规律。试验结果表明:当切削速度为97 m/min,切削深度为0.1 mm,进给量为0.14 mm/r时,切屑的宏观状态最佳。并根据试验结果,确定了绝热剪切带的位置和两个切屑锯齿形成的关系,进而建立了PCBN刀具切削高温合金GH4169的锯齿形切屑的形成机理模型:当刀具运动到某一点开始出现绝热剪切带,继续运动到下一点,形成一个锯齿,继续运动将出现下一个剪切失稳。     

超硬刀具材料的发展与应用

现代集成制造系统的发展和切削速度的不断提高对刀具性能提出更高的要求。开发各种具有优良耐磨性和高稳定性的超硬切削刀具是发展趋势。PCD(Poly Crystalline Diamond)和PCBN(Poly Cubic Boron Nitride)在生产中可获得常规切削加工达不到的尺寸和表面粗糙度,研究PCD和PCBN的发展和应用非常必要。本文全面介绍了超硬刀具材料(PCD和PCBN方面)的发展,阐述了2种材料的性能特点以及它们在不同领域及加工材料方面的切削应用。     

A thermo-mechanical model of dry orthogonal cutting and its experimental validation through embedded micro-scale thin film thermocouple arrays in PCBN tooling

Cutting temperature and its distribution in the cutting zone are a critical factor that significantly affects tool life and degrades part accuracy during metal removal operations. However, issues surrounding their modeling and experimental validation in the immediate cutting zone still remain an unresolved issue. A major impediment is the unavailability of adequate temperature measurement methods with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to measure actual temperatures and validate predictive models. In this paper, a model for the dry orthogonal cutting process with thermo-mechanical coupling effects, i.e., interactions between the stress state, strain rates and the temperature softening of material in the plastic deformation zone, is proposed to predict cutting temperature distribution in the cutting zone. The feasibility and prediction accuracy of the model is verified by experimental measurements through Thin Film Thermocouple (TFTC) arrays embedded at the immediate vicinity of the cutting zone into Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN) tooling. The experimental verification is performed under hard turning conditions. It has been shown that the predictions of the proposed model are in very close agreement with the experimentally measured results including the cutting forces, chip thickness and cutting temperature distributions on the rake and flank faces in the cutting zone. Furthermore, the modeling results have also provided an essential understanding on the stress distributions at the tool/chip and work/tool interfaces as well as of the nature of the chip flow velocity along the rake face of the cutting tool.     

PCBN刀具切割工艺的研究

对PCBN刀具制造中的关键工艺即线切割和激光切割工艺进行了分析和研究。结果表明:PCBN复合片线切割粗糙度Ra为5μm左右,Rt最高可达到55μm,因此线切割后的PCBN磨削余量可达100μm;激光切割Ra为1μm左右,Rt实测结果为7·6μm,磨削余量可控制在10μm。激光切割对控制磨削余量和提高生产率十分有效。     

PCBN整体烧结刀片在切削加工中的应用

耐磨耐蚀领域中零件的硬度普遍较高,使得加工非常困难,普通的刀具不能胜任,即使勉强使用,生产效率却很低。选用超硬材料刀具是破解这一加工难题的有效手段。其中PCBN刀具是硬切削的优选对象,尤其适合自动化加工和高精度加工。介绍了我们研制的一种PCBN整体烧结刀片,这种刀片能够满足大切深、高速度的切削要求。将其应用于车削、断续切削、螺纹切削及铣削等硬态切削加工领域的结果表明,使用该刀具,不仅使高铬铸铁、硼铸铁、冷硬铸铁等高硬度材料的加工效率大幅度地提高,而且能够保证加工表面质量。