Effect of vermicomposting on the transformation of some trace elements in fly ash

One major constraint of the agricultural uses of fly ash (FA) is the low availability of different plant nutrients despite their high occurrence in the total amount. However, degrading FA through increased microbial activity can improve the availability of these nutrients substantially. It has been found that intestines of epigeic earthworms contain a high concentration of different microorganisms. Therefore, in the present study we addressed the effects of vermicomposting technology on the solubility of some micronutrient cations (Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) and some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr) in different combinations of fly ash and organic matter, applied in the form of cow dung (CD). Various combinations of FA and CD were treated with and without an epigeic earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and the solubility of different trace elements in the treatments were estimated periodically. The results revealed that the inclusion of epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida in different combinations of fly ash and cow dung converted a considerable amount of the micronutrients into bio-available forms. On the other hand, the solubility of heavy metals tended to be reduced by the microorganisms, presumably by formation of some organo-metallic complex. Application of these vermicomposted FA and CD combinations to a red lateritic soil was found to improve the soluble Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn status of the soil. Furthermore, the use of vermicomposted FA and CD (1:1) in potato cultivation demonstrated that use of this mixture at 10 ton per hectare (t ha⁻¹; fresh weight) was able to compensate 80% of the recommended NPK fertiliser, along with farm yard manure application, without compromising the crop yield.     

Geochemical implications of trace elements and sulfur in the saturate, aromatic and resin fractions of crude oil from the Mara and Mara Oeste fields, Venezuela

Ten trace elements (Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Mo, V and Sr) and sulfur were determined in the saturate, aromatic and resin fractions of 15 crude oils from Mara (DM) and Mara Oeste (DMO) fields of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. The oils studied are classified as unaltered or altered by biodegradation. In the altered oil, the depletion of n-alkanes, the absence of isoprenoids and the presence of steranes and hopanes unaltered by biodegradation are indicative of moderate biodegradation. The elements Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Sr were detected in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction; Cr and V were detected in the aromatic fraction in addition to the above elements; whereas the elements detected for the resin fraction were Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mo, V, and Sr. Co was not detected in any fractions of the oils analyzed. Sulfur was found in all fractions of the oils studied. It was proposed that Fe, Zn, Sr, and Mn could have entered the oil during migration or Fe, Zn and Mn as pollutants during oil extraction. Cr and Cu may be of biological origin and Mo could be incorporated into the reservoir through bacteria. Only S, V, and Ni in the resin fractions can be used as indicators of the origin and correlation of Mara and Mara Oeste oils. Based on the results obtained in this work, it can be established that the V/(V+Ni) ratio in the resin fraction can be used as a correlation parameter, for these oils.     

Mobility of trace elements from selected Australian fly ashes and its potential impact on aquatic ecosystems

Batch leaching tests have been performed on fly ashes collected from four Australian power stations fuelled by chemically different coals. Two acidic and two alkaline fly ashes were subjected to long-term (144 h) leaching tests, and the behaviour of As, B, Mo and Se was investigated to obtain data on their potential for mobilisation during fly ash-water interactions. All four elements are mobile under different conditions and over different leaching times. The concentrations of these elements released in leaching solutions with initial pH values of 4, 7 and 10 were used to assess the influence of pH conditions on element mobility from the acidic and alkaline fly ashes. The most mobile of the four elements leached were Mo from alkaline fly ashes and B from acidic fly ashes. Arsenic concentration increased with time in leachate solutions from acidic and alkaline fly ashes; however, in solutions in contact with alkaline fly ashes the As concentration, after reaching a maximum, later decreased with time. Selenium mobility shows a similar pattern to that of As, with similar leaching concentrations. Boron has the highest relative mobility of all four elements. A process possibly responsible for the decrease in concentration of B, As and Se in alkaline leaching solutions is the formation of ettringite. Equilibrium between the solid phase (ash) and the leaching solution was not reached in any of the leaching experiments. The pH of the leaching solution is the key factor affecting the mobility of these trace elements in these fly ashes.     

当代艺术设计中“中国元素”表达与融合问题的研究

在当代中西方艺术设计领域中,＂中国元素＂已经作为了一种相当普遍的现象和形式出现在了众多艺术作品和设计之中,并且展现了其独特的文化特色和历史底蕴,为当代设计艺术的发展及其推陈出新提供了丰富的创作素材和灵感。本文首先解析了＂中国元素＂的内涵,接着就当代艺术设计中所体现出来的＂中国元素＂的特征进行了分析,并剖析了其与中国传统文化艺术的渊源关系,最后论述和研究了当代艺术设计与＂中国元素＂的表达和融合的机制。     

消能支撑框架结构的研究与应用

对几种型式的消能器进行了减震机理分析 ,对消能支撑框架模型进行了低周反复荷载试验和振动台试验 ,编制了非线性有限元分析程序和弹塑性时程分析程序 ,并将研究结果应用于实际工程     

基于语义分类的比较句识别与比较要素抽取研究

比较是人们常用的评估不同事物优劣、异同的表达方式,利用机器识别比较句并进一步抽取比较要素是语言信息处理领域一项新颖又有实用价值的课题。该文依据比较句与比较要素之间是一种“你中有我,我中有你”的共生关系,将比较句识别与比较要素抽取两个任务合二为一完成;根据词意分类,构建由领域词典、情感词典、标记词典、普通词典构成的词典系统;根据汉语比较句句义分类,构建比较句识别与比较要素抽取规则库。以第四届中文倾向性评测(COAE2012)发布的测试语料为实验对象,该系统取得了较好的实验(评测)结果。     

Influence of the Type and Method of Injection of Oxides Admixtures of Rare Earth Elements on Colour and other Properties of Dental Porcelain

A glassceramic material, which can be used in stomatology for production of dentinal layer of the dental crown multilayer coating, was received. In order to colour the material the admixtures of Tb and Ce compounds were used, as well as composite admixture representing a mixture of Ce, Nd and La oxides. It was demonstrated that the admixture of Tb oxide tones the material only when it is used together with Ce oxide. It was found that the more admixtures of rare earth elements oxides are contained in the sample composition, the higher the colour strength of the sintered material is. The wave length for the test samples is in the range of 600～650 nm, which corresponds to the yellow-orange and orange-red spectral range.     

Spatial distribution and environmental characterization of sediment-associated metals from middle-downstream of Xiangjiang River, southern China

The contamination and environmental risk assessment of the toxic elements in sediments from the middle-downstream (Zhuzhou—Changsha section) of the Xiangjiang River in Hunan Province of China were studied. The results show that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are major contaminants in sediments, and average concentrations of these elements significantly exceed both the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge of China (GB4284-84) for agricultural use in acidic soils and the effect range median (ERM) values. The average concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the river water slightly exceed the limit of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard (GB3838—2002). The concentrations of As and Cr in depth profiles extensively change, but slight changes are observed in Pb and Zn. Cd and Zn in most sediment samples can easily enter the food-chain and bring possible ecotoxicological risk to organisms living in sediments according to the risk assessment code.     

Constitutive equations and finite element implementation of strain localization in sand deformation

A recently proposed model coupling with the solid-fluid of the saturated sand was utilized to study the deformation band. Based on the critical state plasticity model by Borja and Andrade, the hydraulic conductivity tensor was naturally treated as a function of the spatial discretization matrix about the displacement and the stress field, allowing a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The fully Lagrangian form of the Darcy law was resolved by Piola algorithm, and then the flow law was gained, leading to the implementation of a modified model of the saturated sand. Then the criterion for the onset of localization was derived and utilized to detect instability. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element program coded by FORTRAN, which was used to predict the formation and development of shear bands in plane strain compression of saturated sand. At last, the formation mechanism of the shear band was discussed. It is shown that the model works well, and the simulation sample bifurcates at 1.18% axial strain, which is in a good qualitative agreement with the experiment. The pore pressure greatly affects the onset and development of the deformation band, and it obviously increases around the localization-prone regions with the direction toward the outer side of the normal of the shear band, while the pore stress flows nearly horizontally and is distributed equally far away the shear band region. Foundation item: Project(2006G007-C) supported by the Foundation of the Science and Technology Section of Ministry of Railway of China; Project(77206) supported by the Excellent PhD Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University, China     

论传统文化中色彩元素与视觉传达的关系

传统文化包含众多的元素,作者对传统文化元素中的色彩元素在现代视觉传达设计中的运用与影响进行了研究,分别就中国传统色彩在包装设计、标志设计以及环境设计中的运用进行了论述,并阐释了如何实现现代元素与传统文化元素在现代视觉传达设计中的完美统一,最终达到在现代视觉传达设计中传承和发展优秀传统文化的目的.