微电解-生物膜复合工艺净化含重金属离子的有机废水

A complex process of micro electrolysis and biofilm was developed to continuously treat organic wastew-aters containing heavy metal ions such as Cu^2 and Cr^3 ,and the relevant purifying mechanism was also addressed. In detail,organic materials in wastewater could be consumed as nutritious source by biofilm composed of aerobes and anaerobes,However,for heavy metal ions (Cu^2 ,Cr^3 ),part was removed by electrodeposition,and some was adorbed on biofilm.In order to compare with the combined process of micro electrolysis and biofilm,the experimental data of micro electrolysis process (intermittent )or biofilm process (continuous)were provided,and the kinetic data of C6H12O6(glucose)biodegradation by cultured microbes or acclimated microbes were also obtained,These experimental results indicated that for wastewater initially consisted of C6H12O6(500 mg.L^-1),Cu^2 and Cr^3 (10mg.L6-1),after treatment,its concentrations of C6H12O6,Cu^2 and Cr^3 were lowered to the leve of 55-65 mg.L^-1),after treatment,its concentrations of C6H12O6,Cu^2 and Cr^3 were lowered to the level of 55-65 mg.L^-1,and less than 1mg.L^-1,respectively,And the industrial reused water standards could be met by treated wastewater.     

MBBR中HRT与pH对短程硝化反硝化的影响

为了开发经济高效的生物脱氮工艺,在MBBR中进行了短程硝化反硝化的研究,考察了HRT与pH对短程硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明,在短程硝化反硝化过程中,在室温、不控制溶解氧的条件下,NH_4~+-N与COD去除率随着HRT的延长而增大,出水NO_2~--N随着HRT的延长先增大后减少,当HRT为8h时出水NO_2~--N最高;当pH由5增加到10时,COD去除率的变化较小,NH_4~+-N去除率和出水NO_2~--N则随着pH的增大先增大后减小,pH在8~9时对NH_4~+-N的处理效果最好,出水NO_2~--N最高。     

阳极双电层电容对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

采用3种活性炭粉制备具有不同电容的阳极,研究了双电层电容阳极对单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池启动、运行、性能、阳极生物膜附着的影响。结果表明:当电极表面积相近的情况下,阳极双电层电容从0.0012 F增加到22.72 F时,微生物燃料电池启动时间缩短了68.0%,电池的最大功率密度增加了16.8倍,达到546.1 m W·m-2。扫描电子显微镜的结果表明高电容的阳极表面附着的微生物量比低电容电极的高1倍。因此,微生物燃料电池性能受阳极双电层电容的影响,而与阳极表面积的相关性小。     

两种典型滤料厌氧氨氧化效果与工艺运行优化

为促进厌氧氨氧化在城市污水处理中的应用, 针对陶粒和火山岩两种典型滤料滤池的厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果和关键性工艺参数进行了研究。试验结果表明, 接种挂膜启动生物滤池, 10 d可实现稳定的厌氧氨氧化生物膜, 火山岩滤池生物膜量和EPS均高于陶粒。滤料和反冲洗对厌氧氨氧化滤池实现稳定脱氮具有重要影响, 低滤速条件下火山岩和陶粒滤池厌氧氨氧化效果基本相同, 火山岩滤池和陶粒滤池反冲洗周期均较长, 宜采用单独水冲方式;但高滤速条件下火山岩滤池比陶粒滤池更易堵塞, 滤层有效深度小, 反冲洗方式宜采用气水联合反冲方式, 并相应缩短反冲洗周期、延长反冲洗时间。火山岩和陶粒滤池滤速均不宜高于2 m·h^-1, 最高总氮负荷分别可达3.81 kg·m^-3·d^-1和3.56 kg·m^-3·d^-1。     

Identification of Pathogenicity-Related Genes in Biofilm-Defective Acidovorax citrulli by Transposon Tn5 Mutagenesis

Biofilm formation is important for virulence of a large number of plant pathogenic bacteria. Indeed, some virulence genes have been found to be involved in the formation of biofilm in bacterial fruit blotch pathogen Acidovorax citrulli. However, some virulent strains of A. citrulli were unable to format biofilm, indicating the complexity between biofilm formation and virulence. In this study, virulence-related genes were identified in the biofilm-defective strain A1 of A. citrulli by using Tn5 insertion, pathogenicity test, and high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR). Results from this study indicated that 22 out of the obtained 301 mutants significantly decreased the virulence of strain A1 compared to the wild-type. Furthermore, sequence analysis indicated that the obtained 22 mutants were due to the insertion of Tn5 into eight genes, including Aave 4244 (cation diffusion facilitator family transporter), Aave 4286 (hypothetical protein), Aave 4189 (alpha/beta hydrolase fold), Aave 1911 (IMP dehydrogenase/GMP reductase domain), Aave 4383 (bacterial export proteins, family 1), Aave 4256 (Hsp70 protein), Aave 0003 (histidine kinase, DNA gyrase B, and HSP90-like ATPase), and Aave 2428 (pyridoxal-phosphate dependent enzyme). Furthermore, the growth of mutant Aave 2428 was unaffected and even increased by the change in incubation temperature, NaCl concentration and the pH of the LB broth, indicating that this gene may be directly involved in the bacterial virulence. Overall, the determination of the eight pathogenicity-related genes in strain A1 will be helpful to elucidate the pathogenesis of biofilm-defective A. citrulli.     

Introducing a Semi-Coated Model to Investigate Antibacterial Effects of Biocompatible Polymers on Titanium Surfaces

Peri-implant infections from bacterial biofilms on artificial surfaces are a common threat to all medical implants. They are a handicap for the patient and can lead to implant failure or even life-threatening complications. New implant surfaces have to be developed to reduce biofilm formation and to improve the long-term prognosis of medical implants. The aim of this study was (1) to develop a new method to test the antibacterial efficacy of implant surfaces by direct surface contact and (2) to elucidate whether an innovative antimicrobial copolymer coating of 4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridinium bromide and dimethyl(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphonate (VP:DMMEP 30:70) on titanium is able to reduce the attachment of bacteria prevalent in peri-implant infections. With a new in vitro model with semi-coated titanium discs, we were able to show a dramatic reduction in the adhesion of various pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus sanguinis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis), completely independently of effects caused by soluble materials. In contrast, soft tissue cells (human gingival or dermis fibroblasts) were less affected by the same coating, despite a moderate reduction in initial adhesion of gingival fibroblasts. These data confirm the hypothesis that VP:DMMEP 30:70 is a promising antibacterial copolymer that may be of use in several clinical applications.     

粉煤灰陶粒填料制备及用作曝气生物滤池填料的性能考察

以粉煤灰为主要原料,黏土、脱水污泥、脱硫石膏等为辅料,自制了粉煤灰陶粒。通过强度性能筛选出原料的最优配比为粉煤灰:脱水污泥:黏土:脱硫石膏= 85:10.5:0.5:4。研究对比了自制粉煤灰陶粒与市售的陶瓷陶粒和黏土陶粒的性能,如扫描电镜、孔隙率、盐酸可溶率、比表面积等,结果显示:粉煤灰陶粒的表面粗糙度最大,孔隙率最高,比表面积最大,密度最小。进一步比较了3种陶粒用作曝气生物滤池填料处理城市污水的效果。结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒填料对COD的去除率可达到80%以上,对NH₃-N的去除率可达到90%,对总磷(TP)的去除率高于80%,均明显优于其他两种市售陶粒填料。     

生物膜厚度对膜曝气生物膜反应器硝化性能的影响

在设定的膜内压力下(2 k Pa)启动并运行膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR),对生物膜生长过程中的硝化性能及生物膜组成变化进行了分析。实验结果表明,在生物膜厚度增长到(293.3±5.8)μm的过程中,生物膜内的总氧通量先增加后减少,最高可达21.3 g O2?m?2?d?1,证实了生物膜的存在可增强MABR的氧传质能力。在生物膜厚度增长的过程中,氨氮表面去除负荷也是先增加后减少,最高可达4.91 g N?m?2?d?1,表明在MABR硝化过程中存在最佳的生物膜厚度,根据所研究最佳生物膜厚度为(119.0±3.0)μm,此时MABR具有最高的氧通量和氨氮表面去除负荷,硝化性能最好。生物膜内胞外聚合物(EPS)成分分析结果表明,随着生物膜厚度的增加,生物膜内层紧密型EPS的含量增加,导致氧传质阻力增加,这是生物膜内氧通量及氨氮去除负荷随生物膜厚度先增加后下降的内在原因。     

A/O—SBBR—氧化塘—人工湿地处理猪场沼液

针对猪场沼液氮磷浓度高、有机物含量大且可生化性差等特点,采用A/O—序批式生物膜反应器—氧化塘—人工湿地组合工艺对沼液进行深度处理。处理规模400 m~3/d,工程总投资117.5万,运行费用1.46元/(m~3·d)。运行结果表明,经过该组合工艺处理后COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、SS、NH_3-N、TP去除率分别为85.93%、79.84%、89.86%、94.78%、88.67%,出水指标均符合《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596—2001)要求。