Transport in deformable food materials: A poromechanics approach

A comprehensive poromechanics-based modeling framework that can be used to model transport and deformation in food materials under a variety of processing conditions and states (rubbery or glassy) has been developed. Simplifications to the model equations have been developed, based on driving forces for deformation (moisture change and gas pressure development) and on the state of food material for transport. The framework is applied to two completely different food processes (contact heating of hamburger patties and drying of potatoes). The modeling framework is implemented using total Lagrangian mesh for solid momentum balance and Eulerian mesh for transport equations, and validated using experimental data. Transport in liquid phase dominates for both the processes, with hamburger patty shrinking with moisture loss for all moisture contents, while shrinkage in potato stops below a critical moisture content.     

Factors contributing to early age shrinkage cracking of slag concretes subjected to 7-days moist curing

The objective of this study was to investigate all the factors contributing to early age shrinkage cracking in concrete, namely, shrinkage, tensile creep, tensile elastic modulus, tensile strength of concretes, and to study the effect of slag as a binder on these factors. The above-mentioned factors were measured in early age concretes made with 0, 35, 50 and 65% level replacement of ordinary Portland cement by slag. All the concretes studied were moist cured for 7-days. It was found that, at lower slag replacement levels (0, 35 and 50%), the tensile strength decreased with increasing slag replacement. However, this is more than compensated by decreasing tensile elastic modulus and shrinkage. There was no significant change found in tensile creep with the changing slag levels. The study shows that the influence of the tensile elastic modulus is a major consideration for early age cracking of slag concretes.     

铸造锌铝系合金底缩现象探讨

锌铝系合金铸造时出现反常的底部缩孔,而用一般上置式冒口对此类缩孔的补缩效果甚微。由于重力偏析造成的异常成分过冷导致底缩现象,因此针对成因提出消除或减轻底缩的途径。     

挤压铸造高速钢轧辊的研究

高速钢具有硬度高、红硬性好等特点 ,适合于制作轧辊、导辊等高温下工作的部件。高速钢轧辊通常采用离心铸造方法生产 ,由于高速钢中合金元素密度差大 ,轧辊偏析严重 ,高速钢优异的耐磨性发挥不出来。为了克服离心铸造方法的缺点 ,开发了挤压铸造高速钢轧辊技术 ,研究了挤压铸造工艺对高速钢性能的影响。压力、保压时间和压下速度是影响高速钢轧辊缩孔的重要因素。采用浇注温度 1 4 0 0～ 1 4 5 0℃、压力1 5 0 MPa、保压时间 1 2 0～ 1 5 0 s,压下速度 1 4～ 1 6 mm/ s,可获得组织致密、无偏析、加工量少的高速钢轧辊。应用于高速线材轧机预精轧机架 ,使用寿命比高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊提高 5～ 8倍。     

Synthesis and evaluation of shrinkage-reducing admixture for cementitious materials

This paper describes a chemical process called ethoxylation to synthesize a shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA). Using 2-butoxy ethanol and ethylene oxide (EO) or propylene oxide (PO), SRA was synthesized in a laboratory. SRA has a great reducing effect on the surface tension of its solution. Reduced free drying shrinkage (FDS) rate can be measured with the increment of dosage for both mortar and concrete. At 2% dosage, free drying shrinkage can be decreased by 30-40% for both mortar and concrete specimens at 60 days. It also reduces autogenous shrinkage for mortar about 20-30% at 90 days with 2% dosage. Comparing with expansive admixture, SRA performance was better than expansive admixture when no water curing is undertaken.     

Prediction of restrained shrinkage based on restraint factors in patching repair mortar

Shrinkage of repair material, especially in patching repairs, is the major factor inducing cracking in concrete repairs. Induced cracks in repair materials are due to restrained shrinkage. Although in usual practice, the free shrinkage of the repair mortar is measured, in reality, cracking is not due to free shrinkage. It is well known that cracking is due to restrained shrinkage. It is very hard to measure the restrained shrinkage; therefore, to overcome this problem a restraint factor (R) is used to modify the free shrinkage and come up with the restrained shrinkage. The restraint factor is influenced by the surface and boundary condition.In this study, the restraint factor for patching repair with different boundary conditions (with eaves and without eaves) and surface condition (rough and smooth) of the substrate concrete is investigated.The results show that the restraint factor R lies between 0.1 and 0.94; with an increase of restraint, the restraint factor is increased. In situations with a high level of restraint (eaves at the perimeter and a rough surface of substrate), the average R is 0.83. while with a low level of restraint (without eaves at the perimeter and a smooth surface of the substrate), the average R is 0.22.     

Creep and Shrinkage Effect on Reinforced Concrete Slab-and-Beam Structures

In this paper a solution to the bending problem of reinforced concrete slab-and-beam structures including creep and shrinkage effect is presented. The adopted model takes into account the resulting in-plane forces and deformations of the plate as well as the axial forces and deformations of the beam, due to combined response of the system. The analysis consists of isolating the beams from the plate by sections parallel to the lower outer surface of the plate. The forces at the interface, which produce lateral deflection and in-plane deformation to the plate and lateral deflection and axial deformation to the beam, are established using continuity conditions at the interface. The influence of creep and shrinkage effect relative to the time of the casting and the time of the loading of the plate and the beams is taken into account. The solution of the arising plate and beam problems, which are nonlinearly coupled, is achieved using the analog equation method. The adopted model, compared with those ignoring the in-plane forces and deformations, describes better the actual response of the plate–beams system and permits the evaluation of the shear forces at the interfaces, the knowledge of which is very important in the design of prefabricated ribbed plates. The resulting deflections are considerably smaller than those obtained by other models.     

An experimental approach for the analysis of early-age behaviour of high-performance concrete structures under restrained shrinkage

This paper presents a systematic approach for the experimental testing and analysis of the early-age thermo-mechanical behaviour of large prismatic high-performance concrete specimens under restrained autogenous shrinkage and realistic temperature conditions. The loading system can apply a partial degree of restraint in order to enable the characterisation of high-performance concrete specimens without premature termination of the test in case of significant restrained shrinkage. The instrumentation system can measure the strains and other parameters from the setting time with high accuracy and reliability. The analysis method takes into account the temperature effects on the measured properties and provides equations to determine the time-evolution of shrinkage, thermal expansion, stiffness and creep of the concrete. Results from the testing of 200 × 200 × 1000 mm specimens made with a 0.34 water-cement ratio concrete are presented, analysed and discussed in the paper to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.     

New thermosets obtained by copolymerization of DGEBA with 1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane catalyzed by lanthanide triflates

DGEBA epoxy resin was cured with different proportions of 1,5,7,11-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane (TOSU) with ytterbium and lanthanum triflates as catalysts. The curing was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared in the attenuated-total-reflexion mode (FTIR/ATR).FITR/ATR was used to monitor the competitive reactive processes and to quantify the evolution of the epoxide, orthocarbonate, linear carbonate and other groups formed in the curing process. The T_g of the cured materials decreased when the proportion of TOSU increased. The kinetics were studied by DSC experiments and analyzed with iso-conversional procedures. The systems catalyzed by ytterbium triflate had a higher curing rate and reached a higher degree of cross-linking. The addition of TOSU reduced the degree of overall shrinkage and even led to one material expanding. The flexibility and the degradability of these materials were improved by introducing higher proportions of TOSU.     

修改铸件结构设计获取高质量熔模精铸件

通过对几个典型生产实例的工艺分析，说明用修改精铸件结构设计的方法，使铸件结构更具合理的工艺性，是获取优质精铸件的一条行之有效和便捷的途径。