酿酒葡萄品质与产量优化的新梢负荷确立

以优化赤霞珠葡萄果实含糖量、产量和葡萄酒色度为目标,以新梢密度为主要栽培指标,留果量和新梢节间长度为辅助调节指标,采用回归分析和多目标规划,确立了在特定的生卢条件控制新梢密度14梢/m可实现符合酿酒品质要求的经济产量.     

Differences in attraction to semiochemicals present in sympatric pine shoot beetles,Tomicus minor andT. piniperda

The chemical ecology of host- and mate-finding in the pine shoot beetles,Tomicus minor andT. piniperda, was studied in southern Sweden. Beetles were collected in the field from defined attack phases on Scots pine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, a number of oxygen-containing monoterpenes, e.g., 3-carene-10-ol, myrtenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone, were identified from hindgut extracts of both sexes of both species. Compared toT. minor,T. piniperda contained additional compounds and in larger amounts. The amounts were highest in both species at the time when the beetles had bored into contact with the resin-producing xylem-phloem tissue. The synthesis of (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol by photooxidatipn of (+)-(1S,6R)-3-carene is described. In comparative electroantennogram (EAG) measurements on males and females of both species, the most active of the tested compounds wastrans-verbenol. Laboratory bioassays of walking beetles showed thatT. piniperda was attracted to uninfestèd pine logs.T. minor was more strongly attracted to pine logs infested with females than to uninfested pine logs, indicating a female-produced aggregation pheromone. Field tests confirmed thatT. piniperda was strongly attracted to pine logs. The attraction ofT. minor to logs was significant only when logs were combined with racemictrans-verbenol and (1S,6R)-3-carene-10-ol.T. minor was also attracted to a combination of these monoterpene alcohols alone. We suggest that host and mate location inT. piniperda is achieved by means of a kairomone composed of host monoterpenes, whileT. minor utilizes a primitive pheromone synergized by host odors. Evolution of host colonization strategies of the two beetles are discussed.Coleoptera: Scolytidae.This study was made within the project Odour signals for control of pest insects.     

Extrusion improved the physical and chemical properties of dietary fibre from bamboo shoot by-products

Bamboo shoot by-products are regarded as waste and environmental pollutant. This study aimed to improve the functional properties of dietary fibre from bamboo shoot by-products. After CO₂ extrusion, the particle size of CO₂-extruded bamboo fibre was 17.6% lower than that of the control, and its specific surface area was 2.85 times that of the control. The soluble dietary fibre content was significantly increased from 5.64 g/100 g to 11.05 g/100 g (P < 0.05), and the capacities for water holding, swelling and oil holding were remarkably improved. The cholesterol adsorption of CO₂-extruded bamboo fibre was increased from 96.54 μg g⁻¹ to 174.65 μg g⁻¹ (pH 7.0), and its nitrite ion adsorption capacity was increased from 503.33 μg g⁻¹ to 657.27 μg g⁻¹ (pH 2.0). In summary, the structural changes of bamboo fibre such as internal porosity, surface roughening and low crystallinity indicated that its functional properties were improved after CO₂ extrusion.     

西双版纳傣族传统风味笋系列加工工艺改进及其商品化生产探讨

基于西双版纳傣族风味笋的传统加工工艺，对其工艺和技术要点进行改进，以期获得风味笋的现代加工工艺。进一步探讨其商品化的现状和存在的问题，提出了发展西双版纳传统风味笋的对策和建议。     

天然竹笋酸奶的研制

以奶粉和竹笋为主要原料，用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌混合发酵制备，采用4因素3水平的正交试验研制出的天然竹笋酸奶的最佳生产工艺条件为：脱脂奶粉12％、原笋浆50％、蔗糖10％、接种量3％、发酵温度44℃、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌菌种比1：2、发酵时间4h、明胶0.3％。该产品口感柔和、风味独特，是一种集营养、保健于一身的新型乳品。     

Accumulation of lignin and involvement of enzymes in bamboo shoot during storage

Fresh bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis.) shoots were harvested, and the changes of firmness, electrical conductivity (EC), respiration rate, ethylene production, total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS), lignin and cellulose content and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase POD were investigated during storage at 2 or 20°C for 30 or 12 days, respectively. EC increased quickly, with a more rapid rate at higher temperature, but it increased sharply after 24 days at 2°C. Respiration rate increased slowly at 20°C, while at low temperature (2°C) respiration rate and ethylene production significantly decreased. There was a quickly decrease in TS content at 20°C. Shoot firmness, lignin and cellulose increased and accelerated by higher storage temperature during storage at 2 or 20°C. Shoots firmness showed a positive correlation with accumulation of lignin and cellulose in the flesh. Among the enzymes associated with lignin synthesis, PAL and CAD activity showed a persistent rise over the whole 12 days, while POD activity increased rapidly within 6 days during storage at 20°C, followed by a slowly decrease. Accumulation of lignin in flesh tissue was also positively correlated to activity of PAL, CAD and POD. Our results suggest that the increase in firmness of bamboo shoots during storage is a consequence of tissue lignification, a process associated with increases in PAL, CAD and POD activity.     

Growth, photosynthesis and cropping of potted grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) in relation to shoot trimming

The present study was conducted to evaluate how changes in leaf area affected vine growth, yield and grape quality of five‐year‐old potted Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. At the beginning of flowering vines were randomly assigned to the following five treatments: untrimmed (control); shoot trimmed at either node 12 (T12) or node 6 (T6) with laterals either retained (R) or excised (X). Those four manipulations are abbreviated to: T12LR, T12LX, T6LR and T6LX, respectively. Total leaf area per vine was significantly lowered in T12LX and T6LX as compared to the other treatments, whereas lateral formation was able to offset foliage loss due to trimming in T12LR and T6LR with respect to control vines. T6LR also showed a more prolonged lateral node production. Yield per vine and its components did not differ significantly among treatments except for berry size, which was reduced in T6LR and T6LX. Grape ripening was severely retarded in T6LX, as shown by lower Brix, pH, colour and phenolics, and higher TA, tartrate and malate. A maturity delay was also shown in T6LR as lower soluble solids and total anthocyanins per berry in comparison with untrimmed vines. No difference in grape quality versus control was shown by the T12 treatments. Post‐trimming assimilation rates (A) clearly indicated a large compensation capacity of retained main leaves despite their mean age being higher than that calculated for main leaves sampled the same day on control vines. The assimilation rates recorded on lateral leaves increased proportionally with lateral shoot size and inversely to the number of main leaves retained with trimming. Based on present results, both the area and photosynthetic effectiveness of source leaves will drive overall vine responses to shoot trimming. For example, T6LX showed the worst performance with respect to the other treatments, in agreement with lowest leaf area, leaf‐to‐fruit ratio and oldest canopy. However, T6LR had a somewhat retarded ripening despite its non‐limiting leaf‐to‐fruit ratio, relatively young canopy and maximum whole‐canopy photosynthesis and efficiency at veraison. Under such circumstances, duration of growth and possible competition with the berry sugaring process may have played a role.     

反辐射无人机攻击目标击毁概率分析

在理论分析反辐射无人机命中概率和条件毁伤概率的基础上，提出了一种反辐射无人机攻击地面雷达目标时击毁概率的计算法，经算例验证，结果比较符合实际．为评估反辐射无人机的作战效能，提供了一个简洁、实用的方法．     

Molecular Insights into Inflorescence Meristem Specification for Yield Potential in Cereal Crops

Flowering plants develop new organs throughout their life cycle. The vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM) generates leaf whorls, branches and stems, whereas the reproductive SAM, called the inflorescence meristem (IM), forms florets arranged on a stem or an axis. In cereal crops, the inflorescence producing grains from fertilized florets makes the major yield contribution, which is determined by the numbers and structures of branches, spikelets and florets within the inflorescence. The developmental progression largely depends on the activity of IM. The proper regulations of IM size, specification and termination are outcomes of complex interactions between promoting and restricting factors/signals. Here, we focus on recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying potential pathways of IM identification, maintenance and differentiation in cereal crops, including rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), highlighting the researches that have facilitated grain yield by, for example, modifying the number of inflorescence branches. Combinatorial functions of key regulators and crosstalk in IM determinacy and specification are summarized. This review delivers the knowledge to crop breeding applications aiming to the improvements in yield performance and productivity.     

Interface compatibility and mechanisms of improved mechanical performance of starch/poly(lactic acid) blend reinforced by bamboo shoot shell fibers

Bamboo shoot shell fibers (BSSFs)/starch/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) ternary composites were prepared by blending BSSFs to starch/PLA matrices for the purpose of expanding BSSFs applications to enhance starch/PLA composites and creating a new low-cost biodegradable composite. The effects of BSSFs content (0–40 wt %) on the physical–mechanical properties were tested and interface compatibility and its mechanism to mechanical performance of BSSFs/starch/PLA composites were characterized by SEM-EDS, TG. The results showed that the mechanical strength, surface wettability, and water absorption of the composites continued improving when the BSSFs content increased from 0% to 20 wt %. However, mechanical modulus increased with increase in BSSFs content. The results of fracture microstructure and thermal property exhibited a good interfacial compatibility at low content of BSSFs and an interface debonding at high content of BSSFs. These investigations indicated that the BSSFs reinforcement to the composite is not consistent with interface compatibility of the ternary composites. The composites should be considered as a kind of green and low-cost biodegradable materials to replace traditional single-phase or multiphase materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47899.