Psychological impact of air velocity variations in a ventilated room

Two experiments investigated the psychological impact of two velocity conditions (constant low velocity (V1) and variations of low and high velocity (V2)) in two temperature conditions (Experiment 1: an air temperature increase from 21°C to 24°C; Experiment 2: an air temperature increase from 25°C to 27°C) in females and males, aged 16 to 18 years, under realistic classroom conditions during an exposure period of 80 min. It was predicted that the V2 room condition compared to the V1 room condition would be more beneficial for subjects' perceived room temperature and air quality, self-reported affect and cognitive performance. The results obtained showed no significant effects on cognitive performance. However and as predicted, in Experiment 1, the subjects in the V2 compared to those in the V1 room condition felt that the air temperature decreased (while it de facto increased) and reported a constant level of high activation. In Experiment 2, the subjects in the V2 room condition felt that the air temperature increased less and reported that their unactivated unpleasantness increased less and activated pleasantness decreased less than it did for subjects in the V1 room condition. All this indicates, as was suggested by Wigö et al. (2002 Wigö, H., Knez, I. and Sandberg, M. 2002. Effects of velocity variations in ventilated room on comfort, affect and cognitive performance. Proceedings of 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, 4: 635–640.  [Google Scholar]), that a cooling effect, induced by air velocity variations, might be beneficial for subjects in a ventilated room and that their perceived pleasantness of the indoor climate could be met at a higher room temperature than otherwise.     

Shear Stress in Smooth Rectangular Open-Channel Flows

The average bed and sidewall shear stresses in smooth rectangular open-channel flows are determined after solving the continuity and momentum equations. The analysis shows that the shear stresses are function of three components: (1) gravitational; (2) secondary flows; and (3) interfacial shear stress. An analytical solution in terms of series expansion is obtained for the case of constant eddy viscosity without secondary currents. In comparison with laboratory measurements, it slightly overestimates the average bed shear stress measurements but underestimates the average sidewall shear stress by 17% when the width–depth ratio becomes large. A second approximation is formulated after introducing two empirical correction factors. The second approximation agrees very well (R2>0.99 and average relative error less than 6%) with experimental measurements over a wide range of width–depth ratios.     

Velocity Distribution in the Roughness Layer of Rough-Bed Flows

Several models for the vertical distribution of the double-averaged (in time and in the plane parallel to the mean bed) longitudinal velocity in the flow region between roughness troughs and roughness tops are suggested. We found that the same model for velocity distribution may be applicable to a range of flow conditions and roughness types, which share some common features. The suggested models for velocity distribution in the near-bed region are: (1) Constant velocity; (2) exponential velocity distribution; and (3) linear velocity distribution. The measured velocity distributions may be approximated by a single model or by a combination of models depending on roughness geometry and flow conditions. The validity of these models for velocity distribution is supported by laboratory data.     

FRICTION LOSSES FOR FLOW OF SLURRIES IN PIPELINE BENDS,FITTINGS, AND VALVES

ABSTRACT

Resistance coefficients for flow of suspensions of well defined glass beads of narrow size fractions in 1-inch and 2-inch straight pipes, in standard 45^°, 90^° and 180^° bends, in 90^° smooth bends of various curvature radii, and also in gate and globe valves were measured. The measurements were made for two sizes of fine glass beads, -325 mesh and -200-325 mesh, covering wide ranges of turbulent Reynolds number and solids concentrations from 0 to 50 weight percent.

These friction loss data were analyzed with regard to the effects of Reynolds number and suspended solids concentration, and the calculated resistance coefficients were compared with those estimated from available design procedures recommended for turbulent single-phase Newtonian flow. Within the range of particle sizes examined in this work no particle size effects could be discerned. The effects of Reynolds number and suspended solids concentration on the friction loss measurement were calculated.     

Calibration Method of Current Meters

This paper presents a rapid method for propeller current meter calibration, enabling calibration of current meters in their actual working conditions using simpler equipment than what is currently used in traditional calibrations, and exploiting the uniform velocity profile present through submerged outflows (e.g., flow nozzles and orifices). Experiments were performed to confirm the fundamental hypothesis of uniform horizontal and vertical velocity distribution downstream of a submerged jet. Two experimental velocities were adopted to determine the calibration curve: one based on the discharge and the outflow area; the other derived from Torricelli’s formula, which relies on the head difference between two reservoir levels. Because a current meter measures local velocity, the influence on the measurements’ reliability as a function of current meter position in the submerged outflow jet was investigated. An uncertainty analysis was also performed, and a comparison of the results with the preexisting calibration lines obtained by towing tank is presented.     

油气钻井岩屑沉降阻力计算模型

油气钻井过程中,破碎的岩屑在井筒钻井液中存在着自由沉降的现象,为了防止和避免岩屑沉积造成沉砂卡钻等井下安全事故,需要研究岩屑颗粒的沉降规律、预测岩屑沉降的末速度。为此,基于Stokes定律和Newton-Rittinger模型,提出了黏性阻力占比系数与压差阻力占比系数的概念,应用最小二乘法对实验数据回归得到阻力占比系数方程,分别推导出岩屑颗粒在牛顿流体与幂律流体中沉降时非斯托克斯区域的阻力计算模型,并通过该模型依据沉积实验数据对岩屑颗粒的沉降末速度进行计算和分析。研究结果表明:(1)岩屑颗粒在幂律流体中沉降时,所受到的黏性阻力和压差阻力不仅与颗粒雷诺数相关,而且还与流性指数及稠度系数相关;(2)岩屑颗粒在牛顿流体中沉降,当颗粒雷诺数小于2.944 6时黏性阻力大于压差阻力,当颗粒雷诺数大于2.944 6时压差阻力大于黏性阻力;(3)颗粒雷诺数小于1.11时岩屑沉降主要考虑黏性阻力,颗粒雷诺数介于1.11~500时岩屑沉降受到黏性阻力与压差阻力的共同作用,颗粒雷诺数大于500时压差阻力在岩屑沉降中占主导作用。结论认为,借助于该计算模型,当钻井液为牛顿流体时,可以预测颗粒雷诺数介于0~105的岩屑沉降末速度;当钻井液为幂律流体时,可以预测颗粒雷诺数介于0~105、流性指数介于0.062 3~1的岩屑沉降末速度;上述范围能够满足钻井工程中对于岩屑沉降速度进行预测的需求。     

超深高含硫气藏气—液硫两相渗流实验

超深高含硫气藏开发过程中会在储层中出现气—液硫同流的现象,其对气井产能的影响目前还缺乏实验数据的验证。为此,研制了一套适用于高温高压条件下气—液硫两相驱替实时测试的装置,并制订了相应的测试流程,选取四川盆地元坝气田的取样岩心开展气—液硫两相驱替实验,并采用非稳态法计算气、液硫两相相对渗透率,得到气—液硫相对渗透率曲线,进而开展气—液硫两相渗流规律的定量化研究。结果表明:(1)气、液硫两相共渗区较窄,当液硫临界饱和度高于40%时,井筒附近的液硫饱和度达到液硫临界流动饱和度,从而阻碍井筒附近气体的流动;(2)围压的变化会引起气—液硫相对渗透率曲线的变化,当围压增大时,气相相对渗透率及液硫相对渗透率均下降;(3)随着驱替压差增大,气体流速加快,携硫能力增强,气相相对渗透率及液硫相对渗透率均有所上升。结论认为,气—液硫两相相对渗透率曲线的获得,实现了对气—液硫两相渗流规律的定量化研究,可用于超深含硫气井的产能评价。     

An analysis for AlGaN/GaN modulation doped field effect transistor using accurate velocity-field dependence for high power microwave frequency applications

An analytical model of Al_0.15Ga_0.85N/GaN modulation doped field effect transistor (MODFET), which uses an accurate velocity field relationship and incorporates the dominant effect of piezoelectric polarization induced charge at the AlGaN/GaN interface is presented. The effect of traps has also been taken into account. The calculated DC characteristics are in excellent agreement with the measured data. The model is extended to predict the microwave performance of the device. High current levels (>500 mA/mm), large transconductance (160.83 mS/mm) and a high cutoff frequency (9.6 GHz) have been achieved analytically and are in close agreement with the experimental data.     

基于侧抑制机制的一维多速度运动检测神经网络

运动感知是生物视觉系统的一个重要组成部分。运动对自然界的认识一大部分是通过运动感知。本文通过对同时具有方向和速度选择性的视觉皮层运动区神经元的侧抑制机制的模拟，提出了一种新的乘积抑制速度检测子（Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｉｃａｔｉｖｅ Ｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒｙ Ｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙ－ＭＩＶＤ），其时空联合参数Ｋ决定了检测子的最优速度，基于ＭＩＶＤ的响应幅度差特性，我们构造了两个速度融合神经网络（一个简单神经网络和一个     

根据单站行星际闪烁的观测资料讨论耀斑激波前后的太阳风速度的变化

用行星际闪烁观测耀斑激波时，如果激波压缩区覆盖了主要散射区的大部或全部，则激波前后闪烁指数会发生大的改变在这种情况下，谱拟合方法可以用来研究激波前后的太阳风参数变化。本文用此方法对一例耀斑激波的单站观测结果进行了反演，计算表明，该激波在日心距为０．５ＡＵ处激波前太阳风速度为４００ｋｍ／ｓ，激波后太阳风速度为６００ｋｍ／ｓ。