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81.
82.
“Symmetric materials” devices, where both electrodes are made of the same electrochromic materials, allow the in situ study of side reactions. Each transferred charge that is not used for the expected electrochromic reaction will cause a colour change in the whole symmetric device. Two electrochromic materials, WO3 and IrO2, are successively used to show how to obtain information about side reactions such as faradaic efficiency, reversibility and potential limits from the symmetric experiment. This in situ approach with a polymer electrolyte shows significant differences compared to results obtained with studies in aqueous electrolytes. 相似文献
83.
T. Jeevananda Siddaramaiah Taek Su Lee Joong Hee Lee O. M. Samir R. Somashekar 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2008,109(1):200-210
Polyaniline/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (PAni/c-MWNT) nanocomposites have been synthesized by micellar aided emulsion polymerization with various c-MWNTs compositions, viz., 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 wt %. The microcrystalline parameters such as the nanocrystal size (〈N〉), lattice strain (g), interplanar distance (dhkl), width of the crystallite size distribution, surface weighted crystal size (Ds), and volume of the ordered regions were calculated from the X-ray data by using two mathematical models, namely the Exponential distribution and Reinhold distribution methods. The effects of heat ageing on the microcrystalline parameters of the PAni/c-MWNT nanocomposites were also studied and the results are correlated. The thermal stability and electrical resistivity of the PAni/c-MWNT nanocomposites were examined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and a conventional two-probe method. The TGA data indicate that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites improved after the incorporation of c-MWNTs. The influence of temperature on the resistivity of the nanocomposites was also measured. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008 相似文献
84.
The swelling kinetics curves of structurally defined poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel in bidistilled water at temperatures: 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C were determined. The possibility of kinetically explaining the isothermal swelling process by applying the following models: reaction controlled by diffusion, first order chemical reaction kinetics, and second order chemical reaction kinetics, was investigated. It was found that kinetically explaining the swelling process using these methods was limited to only certain parts of the process. The swelling process in bidistilled water was described in full range assuming that the hydrogel's swelling rate was a kinetically controlled reaction by the rate of the movement of reactive interface of hydrogel. Based on that model, the kinetic parameters, activation energy (Ea) and preexponential factor (A), of the swelling process were determined to be Ea = 35 kJ/mol and lnA = 8.6. A possible mechanism of the investigated swelling process was discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
85.
We have calculated thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids (with water and ethylene glycol as base fluids) using temperature
as well as concentration-dependent viscosity, η. The temperature profile of η is obtained using Gaussian fit to the available experimental data. In the model, the interfacial resistance effects are incorporated
through a phenomenological parameter α. The micro-convection of the alumina nanoparticle (diameter less than 100 nm) is included through Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
The model is further improved by explicitly incorporating the thermal conductivity of the nanolayer surrounding the nanoparticles.
Using this improved model, thermal conductivity of copper nanofluid is calculated. These calculations capture the particle
concentration-dependent thermal conductivity and predict the dependence of the thermal conductivity on the size of the nanoparticle.
These studies are significant to understand the underlying processes of heat transport in nanofluids and are crucial to design
superior coolants of next generation. 相似文献
86.
87.
88.
A 1-D transient model (RESHEAT), developed by the writers, was used to study the thermal performance of a highly reflective paint applied sequentially to the outer walls and roof of a simulated residence in a hot and arid region of the southwestern United States. The model uses climatological inputs from a file that includes hourly data on ambient temperatures, insolation, cloud cover, and so on, at the particular location. The model focuses particularly on the potential cooling load reduction due to the reduced heat pickup from the inside attic surfaces to the outer surfaces of the supply duct. This simulation showed that a reduction of 33.6% (cooling load) on the average is achieved over the base case where no reflective paint is used when the outer surface of the roof and walls are painted. Alternatively, only a 11% reduction would be achieved if the reflective paint is applied only to the roof. Savings of $42 per month are conservatively estimated from calculations made when applying this technology to a typical residence (roof and walls) equipped with a 4 ton refrigeration unit in the Southwest. 相似文献
89.
文章较系统地论述了车铣复合机床设计方案的形成过程,同时分析了该设计方案的持点,并简要介绍了该产品的主要技术参数和用途,简评了该产品的技术水平。 相似文献
90.
Ho-Ming Yeh 《Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers》2008,39(4):375-380
The optimal plate aspect ratios for the best recovery of deuterium from water-isotope mixture in flat-plate thermal diffusion columns with transverse sampling streams have been determined. The maximum recovery and maximum production rate are achieved without changing the total expenditure, while the design with minimum plate surface area results in minimizing the total expense. 相似文献