页岩储层层间暂堵转向工艺技术研究

针对大庆古龙页岩油储集层页理发育丰富,水平渗透率低,垂向无法流动等特点,需通过暂堵转向压裂技术增大净压力,利用暂堵颗粒封堵炮眼迫使压裂液转向,进一步提高裂缝复杂程度。本文通过分析暂堵颗粒在井筒以及炮眼附近的受力与暂堵前后压力变化,提出暂堵颗粒运动方程,建立评价暂堵颗粒坐封效果的两个参数,制定暂堵转向评价标准,形成了暂堵颗粒用量设计方法,研究页岩油试验区水平井压裂施工中暂堵颗粒的封堵效果。现场试验结果显示暂堵有效率达到66.7%,坐封效率达到74%,暂堵颗粒效率达到34%,暂堵后裂缝起裂位置或延伸方向明显不同,炮眼封堵有效,实现了压裂转向的目的,为今后页岩油储集层压裂改造提供理论支撑。     

Self-assembly of particles—The regulatory role of particle flexibility

Aspects of the self-assembly of particles, which uses nanometer or micrometer sized building blocks to bridge the gap between microscopic and macroscopic scales, are reviewed. Particle self-assembly has been the focus of considerable research in recent years because it can lead to superstructures with a complexity inaccessible by molecular self-assembly, and functionalities entirely different from or superior to those of the primary particles. Examples in molecular self-assembly suggests that anisotropic interactions could be useful in promoting particle self-assembly, with the exception of colloidal crystallization, which requires particles of uniform size and shape. Anisotropic particles prepared by surface modification of precursor particles are often rigid and submicron or micron sized, and thus relatively strong isotropic van der Waals interactions tend to resist self-assembly into regular superstructures. In addition, the relatively large contact area between particles needed for a sufficient binding enthalpy to stabilize a superstructure is difficult for rigid spherical particles. In contrast, flexible anisotropic polymeric particles dispersed in solvents have been shown to self-assemble into various superstructures. The flexibility of primary anisotropic particles enables them to fuse and stabilize into a superstructure. Some flexible and multi-component particles that are isotropic in common solvents can undergo deformation and sufficient material redistribution to anisotropically self-assemble into regular superstructures in selective solvents. The self-assembly is also driven by anisotropic interactions, which is induced during self-assembly rather than in the particles as synthesized. This review focuses on recent achievements in soft particle self-assembly and describes briefly the advancements in rigid particle self-assembly. The presentation is divided into discussion of self-assembly by the colloidal crystallization of isotropic rigid particles, anisotropic rigid particles, anisotropic soft particles and isotropic soft particles, in that order.     

时效对0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti钢组织与性能的影响

研究了960℃℃和1000℃固溶处理后,时效对马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti微观组织与力学性能影响。结果表明,采用960℃和1000℃固溶处理,在455～460℃时效冲击值出现最低值,断121表现为准解理;强度和硬度在460℃时效出现峰值。主要与组织中细小富铜相共格析出有关。随着时效温度增加,钢中富铜相长大,强度和硬度也随之降低。     

用途可调节的生物磁性粒子的制备

采用部分还原沉淀法合成Fe3O4磁性粒子,通过热处理制度控制粒径和晶相的不同,得到磁性能表现不同的Fe3O4磁性粒子。利用透射电镜、原子力显微镜、激光粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、振动磁强计等对样品的粒度分布、晶相和磁性能进行表征。结果表明,不同热处理温度均可制备出粒度分布均匀的单分散的磁性粒子,且表现出较好的磁响应性、超顺磁性或者具有一定的磁滞和发热量,可以应用于生物分离、靶向药物载体或肿瘤热疗等不同的生物医学领域。     

PREPARATION OF TEM THIN FOIL CONTAINING POWDER PARTICLE BY ELECTRODEPOSITION METHOD

A practical technique to prepare transmission electron microscopy （TEM） thin foil containing powder particle was described and the data for the codeposition of two type particles with copper in the electroplating were presented. By depositing the particles which were distributed in CuSO4 electrolyte on cathode together with Cu^2＋ in electrodeposition bath, composite coating with suitable thickness could be formed. The thin coating was separated from the substrate and cut into a disc with diameter of 3mm for electropolishing. When the Cu matrix was thinned during electropolishing, the particles contained in the coating plate were also thinned to meet the suitable thickness for TEM observation. Various experimental results revealed that during electrodepositing the current density, pH-value of electrolyte and stirring mode all have significant effects on the distribution of particles in composite coating and the surface quality of the composite coating. The proper parameters used during electrodepositing to prepare TEM thin foil containing powder particle were discussed.     

WC/钢复合材料渗硼中WC颗粒对硼化物生长的影响

采用粉末渗硼法,对三种WC含量不同的WC/钢复合材料进行渗硼处理.利用SEM、XRD及自制的黑白图片伪彩色处理仪等方法对渗硼层的组织结构、硬度分布、渗硼层厚度及渗硼层内裂纹萌生进行研究,重点分析了WC含量及分布状况对硼化物生长的影响.结果表明：进行渗硼后,材料表面可获得高硬度FeB＋Fe2B的渗硼层,且随WC含量的增加,Fe2B含量相对增加.在渗硼过程中,WC颗粒对硼化物的生长起阻碍作用,而且含量愈多,阻碍作用愈大,渗硼层愈浅.当WC颗粒的分布方向与渗硼方向平行时,对硼化物生长的阻碍作用最小,渗硼层厚且致密,且在冷却时不易产生裂纹;当WC颗粒的分布方向与渗硼方向垂直时,对硼化物的生长阻碍作用最大,获得的渗硼层较浅,并且在渗层中出现明显的疏松区;当WC粒子呈无序分布,对硼化物的生长阻碍作用介于上面两者之间.硼化物生长时,遇到大颗粒WC其尖端变钝并停止生长;遇到小颗粒WC可以＂吞食＂.     

加筋土挡土墙在蔡家冲换流站工程中的应用

着重阐述了加筋土挡土墙的结构特点,设计计算及施工监测方法。通过与传统的重力式挡土墙进行对比,得出加筋土挡土墙具有结构新颖,造型美观,施工快速,造价低廉的结论。     

Seismic damage assessment and basis for damage-limiting design

A seismic damage model is developed for reinforced concrete structures in which the structural damage is expressed as a linear combination of the maximum deformation and the hysteretic energy dissipation. From an extensive damage analysis of various reinforced concrete buildings, an intensity scale is derived to describe the potential destructiveness of ground motion. It is a simple function of the rms acceleration and strong-motion duration. The proposed damage model is calibrated with observed building damages from past earthquakes. On this basis, a design procedure is developed accordingly to limit the potential structural damage to a tolerable level.     

FCC催化剂颗粒的形貌特征初探——显微观察照相技术的工业应用

由于电子显微分析能够提供微小颗粒的表面形貌和几何结构的有关信息,所以,自FCC微球催化剂诞生以来,电子显微镜便成为表证其性能的重要工具,在各国得到普遍应用。应用显微观察照相技术,对各种状态下的FCC催化剂,包括新鲜剂、平衡剂、待生剂和再生剂等颗粒形态进行了观察。描述了催化剂在不同工艺条件下的颗粒形貌,如新剂是否细粉太多,大颗粒是否空心,是否由多个小颗粒粘结而成;再生剂烧焦比例是否合适;在用催化剂是否金属中毒等。根据催化剂颗粒形貌和色泽的变化,进行了FCC装置故障诊断和优化操作,取得了显著效果,增加了炼油厂的经济效益。     

凝胶颗粒再交联调剖技术

凝胶颗粒再交联调剖技术,就是在调剖施工时注凝胶型颗粒调剖剂的同时注入交联聚合物,使二者在地层有机结合,提高凝胶型颗粒调剖剂调剖效果。在室内实验的基础上,找出与凝胶型颗粒调剖剂匹配的交联聚合物,以达到最佳效果。2009年,利用该技术在文明寨油田现场实施6口井,累计增油1483t,增油效果明显。