石墨种类和粒径对高抗冲聚苯乙烯阻燃性能的影响及作用机制

通过熔融共混法将不同种类和粒径的石墨引入到高抗冲聚苯乙烯(PS?HI)基体中,考察了石墨种类和粒径大小对PS?HI阻燃性能的影响和作用机制.结果表明,天然鳞片石墨(NG)对PS?HI的阻燃作用很小,其粒径大小对阻燃性能的影响并不显著,即使用量达到50％(质量分数,下同)也不能使PS?HI有较好的阻燃性能;与NG相比,可...     

Significantly enhanced dc electrical resistivity and piezoelectric properties of Tb-modified CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics for high-temperature piezoelectric applications

Bismuth layer–structured ferroelectric calcium bismuth niobate (CaBi₂Nb₂O₉, CBN) is considered to be one of the most potential high-temperature piezoelectric materials due to its high Curie temperature T_c of ∼940°C, but the drawbacks of low electrical resistivity at elevated temperature and low piezoelectric performance limit its applications as key electronic components at high temperature (HT). Herein, we report significantly enhanced dc electrical resistivity and piezoelectric properties of CBN ceramics through rare-earth element Tb ions compositional adjustment. The nominal compositions of Ca_1−xTb_xBi₂Nb₂O₉ (abbreviated as CBN-100xTb) have been fabricated by conventional solid-state reaction method. The composition of CBN-3Tb exhibits a significantly enhanced dc electrical resistivity of 1.97 × 10⁶ Ω cm at 600°C, which is larger by two orders of magnitude compared with unmodified CBN. The donor substitutions of Tb³⁺ ions for Ca²⁺ ions reduce the oxygen vacancy concentrations and increase the band-gap energy, which is responsible for the enhancement of dc electric resistivity. The temperature-dependent dc conduction properties reveal that the conduction is dominated by the thermally activated oxygen vacancies in the low-temperature region (200–350°C) and by the intrinsic conduction in the HT region (350–650°C). The CBN-3Tb also exhibits enhanced piezoelectric properties with a high piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ of ∼13.2 pC/N and a high T_c of ∼966°C. Moreover, the CBN-3Tb exhibits good thermal stabilities of piezoelectric properties, remaining 97% of its room temperature value after annealing at 900°C. These properties demonstrate the great potentials of Tb-modified CBN for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.     

Highly conductive mesoporous hierarchical carbon hollow fibers fabricated via confinement of TiO2 coating by ALD

A polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber composed of interconnected nanofibers within its wall was employed as a template to deposit with a layer of TiO₂ by atomic layer deposition. Direct nitridation of the TiO₂-coated PSF hollow fiber at 800 and 1000°C was conducted, and a new hierarchical structure of TiO_xN_1−x and TiN@nitrogen-doped carbon hollow fibers, respectively, was formed. The PSF fiber served as the source of carbon and was directly transformed to a nitrogen-doped carbon fiber because the shape change was confined by the TiO₂ coating. In the meantime, TiO_xN_1−x or TiN was formed after the nitridation of TiO₂. X-ray photoelectron spectrometric analysis indicated that there was no chemical bonding between the nitridized coating and the carbon nanofibers. It implies that the nitridation of TiO₂ and carbonization of PSF proceed independently and simultaneously in the nitridation process. Raman spectroscopic analysis also confirmed the formation of graphitic lattice and Ti–N bonding. Electrical measurement indicated that both fibers were highly conductive, with the electrical resistivity in the order of 10⁻⁵ Ω m, which is lower than those of amorphous carbon and graphite along the direction perpendicular to the basal plane.     

Structural Control of NiO–YSZ/LSCF–YSZ Dual‐Layer Hollow Fiber Membrane for Potential Syngas Production

The objective of this study was to fabricate dual‐layer hollow fiber as a microreactor for potential syngas production via phase inversion‐based co‐extrusion/cosintering process. As the main challenge of phase inversion is the difficulty to obtain defect‐free fiber, this work focuses on the effect of the fabrication parameters, that is, nonsolvent content, sintering temperature and outer‐layer extrusion rate, on the macrostructure of the produced hollow fiber. SEM images confirm that the addition of nonsolvent has successfully minimized the finger‐like formation. At high sintering temperature, more dense hollow fiber was formed while outer‐layer extrusion rate affects the outer layer thickness.     

利用模糊综合评判法评价水井分层注水效果

对水井分层注水进行评价,可直观体现出注水井分层注水前后的效果,为此针对各因素对水井井组影响的不确定性,建立了一套适用于井组评价的定量化方法。在对井组进行注水效果评价之前,对现有各井做出评价,并利用模糊综合评判的方法计算出井组综合评价系数来评判各个井组的性质。结合普17断块的实际地质和开发状况,根据计算得出的综合评价系数E2,找出E2值与注水效果的递增关系,通过综合系数E2值评价出各井组注水效果的优劣,既可以评价井组分层注水是否合理。     

Dual‐Layer Hollow Fibers for Sulfur Removal from Fuels

Emission of sulfur compounds to the atmosphere is universally recognized as one key target to be reduced. For membrane pervaporation which is considered as a potential purification process of fuels, dual‐layer polyurethane (PU)/polyethersulfone hollow‐fiber membranes were prepared. A novel fabrication technique is proposed using a quadruple spinneret to produce the fiber with such morphology by simultaneous spinning of two polymer solutions in the presence of two corresponding precipitation media. Activated carbon was added into the PU solution to improve the transport properties of the selective layer. Resulting hollow‐fiber membranes showed very good adhesion between the selective layer and its support, in addition to an effective removal of a sulfur compound such as 2‐methyl thiophene from a typical model fuel, an indication of good prospects for both the fabrication technique and for sulfur removal by pervaporation of fuels.     

Cone Photoreceptor Loss in Light-Damaged Albino Rats

We investigated the etiology of decreased cone-driven vision in a light damage (LD) model of retinal degeneration. To induce slow, moderate degeneration, albino rats underwent low-intensity light exposure for 10 days. Electroretinography was utilized to assess physiologic function of the rod- and cone-driven retinal function in LD and control rats. Immunohistochemistry targeting cone arrestin allowed for quantification of cone density and for comparison of the decline in function. Photoreceptor loss was quantified by outer nuclear layer thickness decreases, as observed by optical coherence tomography and histology. The LD rats showed decreased rod- and cone-driven function with partial recovery 30 days after cessation of light exposure. In addition, LD rats showed decreased cone photoreceptor densities in the central retinal region compared to control rats. Our results demonstrate that the loss of cone-driven visual function induced by light damage is at least partially due to the death of cone photoreceptors.     

类激光熔覆Stellite合金沉积层的组织及磨损性能

为了进一步提高316不锈钢的表面性能,采用类激光熔覆技术在316不锈钢表面制备了Stellite合金沉积层.利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计与销盘磨损试验机,研究了Stellite合金沉积层的微观组织、化学成分、显微硬度及摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,Stellite合金沉积层主要由γ-Co和M_(23)C_6相组成.沉积层组织依附于316不锈钢基体的界面呈外延生长,由界面至表面依次呈平面晶、柱状晶和胞状树枝晶形态,且越靠近表面组织越细小.Stellite合金沉积层的最高硬度可达650 HV.在摩擦磨损过程中摩擦系数随着法向载荷的增大而减小,磨损机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.     

薄互层剩余油压裂挖潜工艺技术研究与应用

鄂尔多斯盆地某特低渗透油藏纵向上主要发育K1、K2两层,层内隔夹层发育。但经历20多年的开发后,受层间隔夹层和非均质性影响,前期采用以老裂缝充填和延伸为主的重复压裂工艺动用层间剩余油不明显,措施后含水率上升且单井增油量逐年下降。基于储层剩余油分布类型,剖析了储层纵向上剩余油分布界限和增产潜力,开展了储层纵向上地应力和储层物性变化研究,采用正交试验设计原理对比评价了影响重复压裂裂缝高控制的主要影响因素,提出了“水力喷射器+K344单底封”重复压裂工艺,并应用全三维压裂软件优化了储层关键参数。在某区特低渗透油藏现场应用10口井,试验井日产油是投产初期的近1.5倍。     

流固耦合的多元结构深厚覆盖层透水地基的力学特性

深厚覆盖层多元结构坝基在渗流过程中各土层力学差异明显,分析时关注的具体问题也不尽相同,需要深入研究。基于比奥固结理论,考虑土体的非线性流变以及土体固结变形过程中孔隙度、渗透系数、弹性模量及泊松比的变化;借助ADINA流固耦合模块来模拟西藏达嘎水电站坝基渗流场与应力场耦合过程,分析各层力学特性及相互作用。研究表明,透水性较强的表层土体是渗流主要通道,也是渗流进出区和沉降变形体现区,应在上游采取措施提高其压缩模量,下游区域增设反滤层和排水设施;坝基中的粉细砂层是坝基沉降的主要原因,对坝基沉降起主导作用,同时应注意其液化特性对坝基的不利影响;坝基中的承压含水土层对下游上部结构产生向上顶托力,若位置较深,则破坏性较小;坝基深部土层对整个坝基的渗流破坏影响较小,但对沉降和渗流量的影响不可忽视;表层砂卵砾石层和粉细砂层的渗透系数相差较小时,土层间不会发生接触冲刷。此外,还发现坝基孔隙水压力在快速衰减阶段被消散,期间土体固结较快。垂直防渗墙能有效降低渗透坡降和渗流量,将坝基沉降变形控制在防渗墙上游区域,但上游坝基变形对防渗墙产生较大的水平推力,应加大防渗墙尺寸或者采用辅助渗控措施。