Reserve estimation of an open pit mine under price uncertainty by real option approach

Reserve estimation is a key to find the correct NPV in a mining project. The most important factor in reserve estimation is the metal price. Metal price fluctuations in recent years were exaggerated, and imposed a high degree of uncertainty to the re-serve estimation, and in consequence to the whole mine planning procedure. Real option approach is an efficient method of deci-sion making in the uncertain conditions. This approach has been used for evaluation of defined natural resources projects until now. This study considering the metal price uncertainty used real option approach to prepare a methodology for reserve estimation in open pit mines. This study was done on a copper cylindrical deposit, but the achieved methodology can be adjusted for all kinds of deposits. This methodology was comprehensively described through the examples in such a manner that can be used by the mine planners.     

Risk reduction in Sechahun iron ore deposit by geological boundary modification using multiple indicator Kriging

Uncertainty on the geological contacts and the block volumes of the models along boundaries is often a major part of the global uncertainty of reserve estimation.This work introduces a geostatistical technique that has been developed and tested in an iron ore deposit at Bafq mining district,in central Iran,and that,based on a probability criterion,helps to objectively model the geometry of this iron ore deposit.The main problem in reserve estimation of this ore body is its geometrical modeling and uncertainty in geological boundaries.This work deals with the geostatistical method of multiple indicator kriging,which is used to determine the real boundaries of ore body in different categories.This approach has potential to improve project performance and decrease operational risk.For this purpose,the ore body is separated into two categories including rich iron zone （w（Fe）〉45%） and poor iron zone （20%〈w（Fe）〈45%）.It significantly benefits to decrease the risk of reserve evaluation in the deposit.This case study also highlights the value of multiple indicator kriging as a tool for estimates the position of grade boundaries within the deposit.Comparison of the resultant probability maps with the real ore/waste contacts on the extracted levels shows that the first indicator model could separate the whole ore body （poor plus rich） from the waste zone by probability of more than 0.35,which concludes the total reserve of 53 million tons.The second indicator model applied to separate the rich and poor domains and the results show that the blocks with the estimated probability of equal to or more than 0.4 lay within the rich ore zone consisting of 15.8 million tons reserve.     

Effect of thermal insulation on microstructural homogeneity and onset temperature of flash sintered materials

The present work aimed to reduce the microstructure heterogeneity inherent to flash sintering by using alumina blankets as a thermal insulator around ZnO cylindrical samples during the sintering process, under different electric field conditions. Thermal insulation significantly reduced the flash onset temperature and the grain size heterogeneity. For higher electric fields, a temperature reduction as high as 480 °C was observed, which also led to lower densification. These findings were discussed in terms of changes in the heat loss dynamics coupled with the adsorbed water retention, both promoted by the applied thermal insulation. A model to estimate the temperature at stage III of flash sintering was proposed. The final temperature reached with thermal insulation did not differ significantly from the ones without it. Thus, thermal insulation could represent an alternative route to flash sinter materials with lower furnace temperatures with energy savings up to 78 % and a more homogeneous microstructure.     

机械镀锌过程中先导金属的研究

通过多次试验观察，借助于扫描电子显微镜，结合物理化学、电化学的基础理论知识，对机械镀锌过程中先导金属进行了研究。分析了先导金属在镀层中的分布以及先导金属对机械镀锌形层过程的影响。结果表明机械镀锌过程中的确有先导金属存在，在机械镀锌过程的不同阶段，有着不同的金属起着先导金属的作用。先导金属可以促进机械镀锌镀层的结合强度。     

广西镇龙山金（银）矿的构造控制特征

本文阐述了广西镇龙山金（银）矿化集中区内主要断裂构造的基本特征,并指出,其中规模较大的,与矿化关系较密切的主要是近ＥＷ向,次为近ＳＮ向断裂,它们组合成线状,交叉状和放射状断裂带,并严格控制着区内岩浆岩、矿化带、矿脉、矿体和“富矿包“的空间展布。这对找矿评价和预测盲矿体都具有实际意义。     

鄂西-湘西北地区铅锌矿矿源层对铅锌矿床产出定位的制约

自鄂西至湘西北一线,自北至南铅锌矿的产出层位逐渐抬高。通过对该区矿源层的分析研究发现,矿源层层位控制了铅锌矿的产出层位,北部鄂西地区矿源层为震旦系下统陡山沱组含泥碳质碎屑岩,南部湘西地区矿源层为寒武系下统牛蹄塘组含泥碳质碎屑岩。以地层不整合界面和盆地演化的充填系列为成矿单元,下部碎屑岩地层中的铅锌矿源层制约了上部碳酸岩地层中的铅锌矿的产出定位,矿床就位是热液、矿源层、导矿构造、储矿空间、屏蔽层等多因藕合、临界转换的结果,其成因为盆源热液矿床。     

Comparison of structural and photoluminescence properties of ZnO thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

ZnO thin films have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) method, respectively. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterizations indicate that ZnO film grown by PLD exhibits better crystallinity than that grown by USP. Photoluminescence spectra show that the near-band edge ultraviolet emission of film grown by PLD is narrower and shifts to higher energy, compared with that of film grown by USP. In the visible range, ZnO film grown by PLD exhibits four local level emission centered at 470 nm, 486 nm, 544 nm, and 613 nm, respectively, while the film grown by USP only presents a weak broad band emission centered at 502 nm. Hall measurement shows higher carrier density and lower hall mobility in ZnO film grown by PLD than that in film grown by USP. The higher density of intrinsic defects as well as higher crystallintiy is considered to account for the difference of photoluminescence in ZnO film grown by PLD with that in film grown by USP.     

矿业软件在矿产储量评价中的应用

矿产储量评价的基本内容是建立矿床地质模型进行品位估计和储量分类分级．地质控制条件限制是矿床建模的重要手段。地质统计学方法是矿块品位估计以及储量分级等的有效方法．国内的应用实例表明。国际先进矿业软件是矿产储量评价的先进工具，应用矿业软件进行矿产储量评价是市场经济的需要。     

帕莉莱矿床现代表生铀成矿作用及其对砂岩铀矿找矿工作的启示

本文讨论了加拿大帕莉莱(Prajrie Flats)矿床现代表生铀成矿作用特点，认为表生环境下，砂、砾沉积体中基本不存在铀的富集，而富集于细碎屑沉积物中的铀是不稳定的，在压实成岩过程中，解吸铀及部分吸附铀会逐渐迁移到附近的砂岩(体)内，对砂岩铀成矿起着重要的控制作用。根据帕莉莱矿床现代表生铀成矿作用特点，提出半干旱或干湿型古气候环境下形成的杂色建造可发生铀的沉积成岩预富集，并是砂岩铀矿的重要含矿建造之一。     

贵州水城观音山铁矿成矿构造体系分析

文章应用地质力学的理论和方法，通过对贵州水城观音山铁矿区内结构面力学性质的鉴定，将区内构造形迹划分为三种类型的构造体系，并在此基础上，通过对矿区内矿床的控矿构造型式进行分析，确立了属于威宁弧形构造的北西构造带为成矿期构造体系。