基于数字图像的汽车驾驶员行驶状态判别

通过车载CCD图像传感器摄取图像,在利用中值滤波、边缘检测等图像处理技术去除噪声和获取道路标线的基础上,建立了摄像机的透视投影模型和汽车驾驶员行驶状态模型,研究了车辆行驶过程中相对道路标线的行驶状态参数,以监控驾驶员行车状况。实验证明,该方法获得的行驶状态参数曲线能有效判别驾驶员的行驶状态,为减少驾驶员人为因素导致的交通事故作了有益的探索。     

新形势下煤矿企业外包工程安全管控模式研究

针对煤矿企业外包工程安全生产问题严重、事故多发的特点,通过对新的煤矿企业外包工程的安全管控模式研究,分析煤矿安全监管、技术和装备水平、安全培训等存在的问题,提出了实施煤矿外包工程队准入制度,创新外包安全管控模式,找到对外包工程安全状况进行管理的行之有效的办法。     

合成氨企业环境风险评价的探讨——以湖北某公司SCGP法合成氨工艺为例

根据化学品的毒性和燃爆特性、设施规模和操作条件,按《固有危险度评价取值表凇寸某企业合成氨生产设施危险度进行分级和评价,选择液氨作为毒性物质、甲醇作火灾燃爆物质进行模式预测及后果评价．结果表明,事故风险值大于当前国内化工、石化行业可接受风险水平．针对该项目提出了风险防范措施．     

An econometric analysis of the effects of the penalty points system driver's license in Spain

This article seeks to quantify the effects of the penalty points system driver's license during the 18-month period following its coming into force. This is achieved by means of univariate and multivariate unobserved component models set up in a state space framework estimated using maximum likelihood. A detailed intervention analysis is carried out in order to test for the effects and their duration of the introduction of the penalty points system driver's license in Spain. Other variables, mainly indicators of the level of economic activity in Spain, are also considered. Among the main effects, we can mention an average reduction of almost 12.6% in the number of deaths in highway accidents. It would take at least 2 years for that effect to disappear. For the rest of the safety indicator variables (vehicle occupants injured in highway accidents and vehicle occupants injured in accidents built-up areas) the effects disappeared 1 year after the law coming into force.     

The probability of death in road traffic accidents. How important is a quick medical response?

The number of deaths in road traffic accidents in Spain exceeds three thousand people each year. Public authorities have implemented some policies with the aim to reducing this number. Among them, the improvement of road quality standards and some legal changes encouraging careful driving behavior. However, less attention has been focused on one of the issues that may be critical to reducing the number of fatalities caused by traffic accidents: a quick emergency medical care. In this paper, we use a sample of more than 1400 accidents occurred on Spanish roads in May 2004. Our objective is to analyze to which extent a reduction of the time interval between the crash and the arrival of the emergency services to the crash scene is related to a lower probability of death. Our results suggest that a 10 min reduction of the medical response time can be statistically associated with an average decrease of the probability of death by one third, both on motorways and conventional roads.     

Occupational slips and falls: more than a trivial problem

Abstract

The significance of occupational falls is established through analysis of workers' compensation data of a major insurance company. The data covered 11%of the American privately insured workforce and exposure estimates were based on Bureau of Labor Statistics demographics. The number of incidents and the relative cost of falls were examined by age, gender, industry, climate and geographic region and empirical data are presented. These data establish the enormous cost of falls measured in terms of individual pain and suffering and in losses to industrial organizations.     

Fatigue Subjective et Degradations de Performance en Environnement Hyperbare a Saturation

Au cours d'une plongée Active en atmosphere d'Helium-Oxygène (40 A.T.A. à saturation) trois sujets plongeura professionnels ont été souiius à une enquete quantifiée relative à leurs sensations de fatigue; paralleéement leur CFF (Critical flicker frequencyé a été déterminée.

Les inesuros ont été faitos en surface, pendant un confinement à I'Heliox, pendant la compression, le séjour au fond, la décompression, et après retour-surfaco (durée de l'exploration: 16 jours). L'analyse statistique des résultats a conduit aux conclusions suivants:

(1) Les signes subjectifs décelés ont consisté en baisse do vigilance et troubles physiques.

(2) Ces signes sont plus marqués pendant la compression et la saturation. lis sont réduits en décompression, sans effet conaécutif certain.

(3) Les signes de fatigue ne sont pas différents le matin et le soir.

(4) La fréquence critique do papillotoment (CFF) est négativement correlée avec la profondeur.

(5) Los modifications de CFF sont correlées avec le développement des signes subjectifs do fatigue.

(6) La fatigue hyperbare est un syndrome hétérogèno oú la baisse de vigilance et les troubles physiques paraissent tenir une place majeure.     

Helicopter maintenance error analysis: Beyond the third order of the HFACS-ME

In this paper a statistical analysis of a sample of 58 helicopter maintenance-induced safety occurrences is conducted to study helicopter accidents and incidents’ survivability and the severity distribution of such occurrences. Analysis is also carried out to identify helicopter main and sub-systems mostly exposed to maintenance errors and to determine various types of such errors. Expected inherent relations between rotorcraft components affected and types of associated maintenance errors are investigated. Human factors-based triggers of these accidents and severe incidents are explored. The concept of Specific Failures (SFs) that immediately precede each of such occurrences is introduced for more detailed representation of the last breached individual and organizational safety barriers. Root causes of these safety occurrences were then sought utilizing the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System-Maintenance Extension (HFACS-ME) taxonomy with a refined focus on its third order categories’ list. The rotorcraft characteristics influencing individuals and organizational behaviours within Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul organizations (MROs) are discussed in the light of the root cause investigation results.

Relevance to industry

The study of human reliability within helicopter maintenance industry is waited to emphasise the understanding of causes and propagation mechanisms of maintainers' errors and their consequences on the overall aviation safety. Previous works often investigated maintenance errors and their roles in promoting aviation accidents of fixed-wing aircraft; this research is investigating the case of rotorcraft.     

Progress in the prevention of falls caused by slipping

Initial research by the INRS showed the importance of biomechanical factors in the causes of accidents by slipping. Dynamic friction was shown to be far more significant than static fraction. The measuring procedure which has been developed does not provide a model of walking or slipping but a physical measurement giving the same ranking as subject evaluation methods.

Systematic measurements show the effect on slip resistance of the material used and the configuration of the sole. Following publication of these results, manufacturers have improved the slip resistance of shoes. An internationally acceptable method (ISO) should, however, be developed so that slip resistance, which is such an important factor in accident prevention, can be given as much attention as other features of the sole.

Scientific research on the psychophysiology of equilibrium on slippery surfaces is needed, as is applied research on friction with lubricated elastomers and on-site research into floor-surface friction.     

Some factors affecting motorcyclists' conspicuity

Three experiments examined some of the factors that might affect motorcyclists' conspicuity to other road users. In each case, subjects saw a sequence of slides showing traffic, some of which contained a motorcyclist. A record was taken of their reaction times to decide whether or not a motorcyclist was present in each slide. Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effects on conspicuity of headlight use, type of clothing, distance of motorcyclist from viewer, and driving situation (urban or semi-rural). Experiment 3 looked more closely at environmental influences on motorcyclist conspicuity, systematically varying the level of background ‘clutter’ behind the motorcyclist. All three experiments indicate that the effectiveness of the conspicuity aids used, especially clothing, may depend on the situation in which the motorcyclist was located: bright clothing and headlight use may not be infallible aids to conspicuity. Brightness contrast between the motorcyclist and the surroundings may be more important as a determinant of conspicuity than the motorcyclist's brightness per se. Motorcyclists' conspicuity is a more complex issue than has hitherto been acknowledged.