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11.
Al-Li alloys being developed as lighter, substitutes for conventional high strength Al alloys are to be processed by routine
methods. During extrusion of a 8090 Al-Li alloy, the extrusion die container failed causing some alarm. This failed die container
was analysed to examine if the failure was caused by interaction of Li diffusing out of Al-Li alloy with the carbides of die
steel. The evidence, although not conclusive, is sufficient to exercise caution during such processing. 相似文献
12.
楼兴泽 《上海第二工业大学学报》1992,9(1):1-8
本文证明了一族闭曲线C(t),t∈I,称变闭曲线,在光滑性条件下,具有正交参数u,即当C(t)表为(?)=(?)(u,t)时,有(?)·(?)≡0.接着,文中提出了一种“降维法”,即用一族平行平面将空间曲面截成平面变曲线,并讨论其若干整体性质. 相似文献
13.
The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed. 相似文献
14.
二维金属凹槽填充各向异性介质时散射的边界元方法:TE情形 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
由各向异性介质无界空间Green函数和Green恒等式出发,推导了TE波入射时二维任意截面金属凹槽填充各向异性介质时所满足的边界积分方程,并用边界元法和广义网络原理计算了金属凹槽填充各向异性介质时的散射。用文中方法退化计算了凹槽填充各向同性介质时的散射,计算结果与解析结果一致。并给出了凹槽填充各向异性介质时的散射算例。 相似文献
15.
The results of the measurements of the concentrations of freons (F-11 and F-113), chloroform (CHCl3), trichloroethane (CH3CCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in air are presented. The data concern concentration measurements that have been conducted in Krakow since half way through 1997 to the end of 1999. The mean monthly values of these concentrations have been compared with the data from Mace Head, the station situated at a similar longitude as Krakow. It has been concluded that, in the observed period of time, the concentrations of the pollutants in Krakow are higher than in Mace Head. The mean monthly concentrations of F-11 and CCl4 decrease in Krakow faster than in Mace Head (2.5 and 3.3 times, respectively). The concentrations of CHCl3 and CH3CCl3 decrease at both locations, but the change is greater in Krakow. In Krakow, the observed increase of F-113 is 0.13 ppt/month and has an opposite trend than in the same period at Mace Head. 相似文献
16.
A semi-Markov model is constructed that describes an arbitrarily structured multicomponent technological system and takes
into account its calendar maintenance. Using an aggregation algorithm, approximate values of stationary reliability characteristics
and an optimal term of maintenance work are determined for the system.
__________
Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 2, pp. 69–86, March–April 2006. 相似文献
17.
对DIN-100MnCrW4模具钢开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明,模具钢 属淬火开裂,主要原因是材料内部组织不均匀所致。 相似文献
18.
19.
C. Q. Tang G. Y. Li Z. H. Shi X. Z. Li B. T. Yao 《International Journal of Fatigue》1993,15(6):515-518
Studies on thermal fatigue in 3Cr2W8V die steel have been carried out by using positron lifetime and microhardness measurements. It is found that the mean positron lifetime and the microhardness exhibit periodic up-and-down variations with an increase in the number of fatigue cycles. The experiments indicate that in the process of thermal fatigue there are two opposing effects on variation of defects: microdeformation and dynamic recovery and recrystallization. 相似文献
20.
张青文 《土木建筑与环境工程》1992,14(4)
本文介绍了一种测量天空亮度分布的新方法。这种方法利用视场角为180°的鱼眼镜头照相机和计算机数字图像处理系统,实现了天空亮度分布的瞬时测取和胶片密度的高效率处理。文中论述了胶片灰度与天空亮度的标定转换实验方法。引用了误差理论中的数据处理方法确定出二者间的函数关系。通过对昆明和重庆地区晴和阴天空下大量实测结果的误差处论和分析,得到了其相关系数和标准偏差的频数分布图,由此证明了这种方法的可靠性。 相似文献