Optimal ordering decisions under two returns policies

To avoid stockouts and maintain product availability, retailers typically carry excess units and subsequently incur higher cost. In case of style/fashion goods, demand forecasting is extremely difficult due to short selling cycles. The purpose of this study was to minimise the cost of excess stocking without compromising product availability. To achieve these conflicting objectives, our study includes two ordering instances and two returns policies. The time between orders subsequently helps resolve demand uncertainty. Existing studies consider only one type of returns policy, that is, returns on the entire purchase quantity; whereas our study considers two types of returns policies: returns on the first order size and returns on the entire purchase quantity. This study also includes models for the retailer and the supply chain system. Analytical and numerical insights into our study enable the retailer to select his appropriate returns policies to maximise his as well as system’s expected profits. We also show that perfect coordination of partners will help them improve their profits considerably.     

The influence of lift frequency,lift duration and work experience on discomfort reporting

Discomfort surveys are commonly used to assess risk in the workplace and prioritize jobs for interventions before an injury or illness occurs. However, discomfort is a subjective measure and the relationship of discomfort to work-related factors is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to understand how reports of discomfort relate to work-related risk factors for the low back. A total of 12 novice and 12 experienced manual materials handlers performed repetitive, asymmetric lifts at different load levels and at six different lift frequencies throughout an 8-h exposure period. Discomfort was recorded hourly throughout the day. Analyses were performed to determine which experimental factors influenced reporting of discomfort and if discomfort trends matched spine loading trends. Novice lifters reported significantly higher discomfort levels than experienced subjects. They also reported increases in discomfort as moment exposure increased and as the exposure time increased. Novices lifting at 8 Nm load moment level reported increased discomfort from 0.07 to 0.63 by the end of the day, at 36 Nm they reported an increase from 0.04 to 0.40 and at 85 Nm they reported an increase from 0.37 to 3.06. Experienced subjects, on the other hand, reported low levels of discomfort regardless of moment exposure, lift frequency or exposure duration. The reported discomforts were generally unrelated to the biomechanical loading on the spine. Discomfort reporting appears to be more a reflection of experience than of work risk factor exposure. Experienced subjects may have more efficient motor patterns, which reduce spinal load and thus discomfort. Novice subjects seemed to have a lower threshold of discomfort. Caution is needed when using discomfort reporting as a means to identify jobs in need of interventions, in that biomechanical loading may not be accurately represented. Discomfort should only be used as a supplement to objective measures, such as spinal loading, to assess the risk of low back disorders.     

Influence of snow shovel shaft configuration on lumbosacral biomechanics during a load-lifting task

Lower-back injury from snow shovelling may be related to excessive joint loading. Bent-shaft snow shovels are commonly available for purchase; however, their influence on lower back-joint loading is currently not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare L5/S1 extension angular impulses between a bent-shaft and a standard straight-shaft snow shovel. Eight healthy subjects participated in this study. Each completed a simulated snow-lifting task in a biomechanics laboratory with each shovel design. A standard motion analysis procedure was used to determine L5/S1 angular impulses during each trial, as well as peak L5/S1 extension moments and peak upper body flexion angle. Paired-samples t-tests (α = 0.05) were used to compare variables between shovel designs. Correlation was used to determine the relationship between peak flexion and peak moments. Results of this study show that the bent-shaft snow shovel reduced L5/S1 extension angular impulses by 16.5% (p = 0.022), decreased peak moments by 11.8% (p = 0.044), and peak flexion by 13.0% (p = 0.002) compared to the straight-shaft shovel. Peak L5/S1 extension moment magnitude was correlated with peak upper body flexion angle (r = 0.70). Based on these results, it is concluded that the bent-shaft snow shovel can likely reduce lower-back joint loading during snow shovelling, and thus may have a role in snow shovelling injury prevention.     

A Hybrid Symbiotic Evolution–Neuro Fuzzy Strategy for Permeability Estimation of the Reservoir

A key parameter for reservoir characterization is permeability distribution. Most well log data and core permeability values are corrupted by noise (such as uncertain depth-matching, core testing conditions, and thin beddings). In this work, the authors first used wavelet as a new powerful tool for de-noising data points and then they investigated how the integration of back propagation with group based symbiotic evolution improves the reliability and prediction capability of neuro-fuzzy systems for predicting permeability of real reservoir data.     

应用于大功率MMIC开关的AlGaN背势垒GaN HEMT

报道了应用于大功率开关的AlGaN背势垒0.25μm GaN HEMT。通过引入AlGaN背势垒,MOCVD淀积在3英寸SiC衬底上的AlGaN/GaN异质结材料缓冲层的击穿电压获得了大幅度的提升,相比于普通GaN缓冲层和掺Fe GaN缓冲层击穿电压提升幅度分别为4倍和2倍。采用具有AlGaN背势垒AlGaN/GaN 外延材料研制的GaN HEMT开关管在源漏间距为2μm、2.5μm、3μm、3.5μm和4μm时,估算得到的关态功率承受能力分别为25.0W、46.2W、64.0W、79.2W和88.4W。基于源漏间距为2.5μm的GaN HEMT开关管设计了DC-12GHz的单刀双掷MMIC开关。该开关采用了反射式串-并-并结构,整个带内插入损耗最大1.0dB、隔离度最小30dB,10GHz下连续波测试得到其功率承受能力达44.1dBm。     

雪崩击穿条件下4.5kV IGBT器件的背面优化研究

The static avalanche breakdown behavior of 4.5 kV high-voltage IGBT is studied by theory analysis and experiment. The avalanche breakdown behaviors of the 4.5 kV IGBTs with different backside structures are investigated and compared by using the curve tracer. The results show that the snap back behavior of the breakdown waveform is related to the bipolar PNP gain, which leads to the deterioration of the breakdown voltage. There are two ways to optimize the backside structure, one is increasing the implant dose of the N C buffer layer, the other is decreasing the implant dose of the P C collector layer. It is found that the optimized structure is effective in suppressing the snap back behavior and improving the breakdown characteristic of high voltage IGBT.     

基于DSMO的无位置BLDCM控制策略研究

永磁无刷直流电机(BLDCM)是多变量、强耦合的非线性系统,为改善连续域的控制方法不能较好预测系统的稳定性,提出基于离散滑模观测器(DSMO)的无位置BLDCM控制方法,并引入Sigmoid函数作为滑模观测器的控制函数,以削弱抖振;同时构建离散反电动势观测器直接提取反电动势信号,并利用李雅普诺夫理论证明其稳定性,进一步引入坐标旋转数字计算(CORDIC)算法,以提高电机转子位置的估算精度。实验结果表明,该控制策略能准确估计电机转子位置,同时削弱观测器的抖振问题,提高系统精度和可靠性。     

表贴式无轴承永磁电动机的设计研究

利用电磁场有限元法对表贴式无轴承永磁电动机进行了设计研究,提出了无轴承永磁电动机的设计特点,深入研究了永磁体极弧系数对无轴承电机的悬浮性能、气隙磁密以及反电势的影响。最后对样机进行了反电势的测试,测试结果和计算值吻合较好。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的1000kV输电线路雷电绕击与反击识别方法

在考虑雷电先导发展的基础上,提出了一种基于希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)的1 000k V特高压输电线路雷电绕击与反击的识别方法。首先基于ATP-EMTP软件建立了考虑雷电先导发展过程的1 000k V输电线路雷电绕击与反击模型,研究了先导发展对输电线路雷击过电压的影响;然后对雷击输电线路后绕击和反击过电压的暂态过程进行了分析,基于信号的局部特征时间尺度,实现了线路雷电绕、反击信号的经验模式分解(EMD),对包含大部分高频信号的前四阶固有模式函数(IMF)进行Hilbert变换,将变换后的IMF瞬时幅值作为特征量,并计算其相应的方差贡献率的大小,进而完成输电线路雷电绕击和反击的判别。仿真结果和现场实测数据验证表明,该方法能够正确有效地识别输电线路雷电绕击与反击,不受线路接地电阻和雷电流幅值的影响,且克服了目前雷电流参数实测技术中获取数据工作量大和易误判的缺点,能为输电线路的防雷分析提供理论参考。     

套管外补贴技术及其在惠州油田的应用分析

针对海洋油田长时间开发后出现的套管完整性问题,考虑到传统的修补措施如跨越式封隔器等无法满足后期作业对井眼尺寸的要求的现状,提出了套管外补贴技术。介绍了套管外补贴的原理及在惠州油田HZ19-3-6和HZ26-1-16井的应用情况。结果表明,修复后的套管能保持原有强度且产生永久密封,具有不"牺牲"井眼尺寸等优点。针对作业过程中出现的复杂情况进行了深入分析,对海洋油田套管完整性的修复工作具有实践和理论指导意义,同时也给水井、地热井套管的修复提供借鉴和启示。