Real‐time calculation of power system bus voltage using a hybrid approach combining the Newton–Raphson method and dynamic programming

The calculation of the magnitudes and phase angles of the bus voltage is a challenging task in real‐time applications for power systems. Voltage profile, which denotes the present conditions of a power system, is determined by executing the traditional AC power flow program or by searching the supervisory control and data acquisition system. The AC power flow program is not suitable for several real‐time applications, such as contingency analysis and security control calculations, because of its complexity and convergence problems. Fast computation is the major concern in such applications. In this paper, a new method based on sensitivity factors, referred to as Jacobian‐based distribution factors (JBDFs), is proposed for calculating the magnitudes and phase angles of bus voltages. This method requires setting up JBDFs and deriving optimal solution paths of bus voltage for non‐swing buses through dynamic programming under base‐case loading conditions. Under real‐time conditions, the proposed method initially calculates real and reactive power line flows via JBDFs, and then computes the voltage magnitudes and phase angles of non‐swing buses through the derived optimal solution paths. The excellence of the proposed hybrid calculation method is verified by IEEE test systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits fast computation and high accuracy. Thus, the method is suitable for real‐time applications. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A new hybrid state estimation based on pseudo‐voltage measurements

This paper presents a new hybrid state estimation method based on the concept of pseudo‐voltage measurements for a power system containing both conventional and synchronizing phasor measurements. Actual measurement data is employed to calculate the magnitude and phase of the pseudo‐voltage. In the proposed formulation, the measurement matrix describing the relations between the measured data and the state variables contains only 0 or 1. Then the state estimation problem is formulated based on the weighted least‐squares criterion, and its solution can be obtained without using iterative procedures. Comparisons with previous hybrid state estimation methods have been performed on IEEE 14‐bus, 57‐bus, and 118‐bus systems. Numerical experimental results indicate that the proposed approach yields solutions of comparable accuracy with other methods but with shorter computation times. Moreover, the proposed method also provides superior results in the presence of bad data. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Electrochemical conversion of switchgrass and poplar in molten carbonate direct carbon fuel cell

One way of sustaining fuel cell technology is using renewable and sustainable energy means provided by biomass. This article explores switchgrass and poplar in a molten carbonate electrolyte direct carbon fuel cell. It investigates their electrochemical conversions and provides results of power density, current density, open circuit voltage (OCV) and other parameters. The biomasses were pyrolysed at 800°C to produce carbon fuels. Biomass carbon fuels were mixed with molten carbonate and subjected to different operating conditions (600–800°C) in the fuel cell. The electrochemical performances of the poplar fuel were better than those experienced with switchgrass fuel. At 800°C the OCV of poplar fuel (1.08?V) has higher output than switchgrass (0.87?V). The peak power density recorded for poplar fuel was 23.91?mW/cm² while switchgrass fuel was lower at 21.60?mW/cm². Poplar fuel (81.53?mA/cm²) gave a maximum current density with switchgrass fuel lower at 74.00?mA/cm².     

一起500kV高压套管油位低缺陷的分析与处理

套管是电力变压器的重要部件之一,为了保证套管油位保持在一定高度,其油室与变压器本体油室是相互独立的,若两个油室发生贯通,将导致套管油位下降,威胁套管绝缘强度。笔者分析了某500 kV变压器高压套管油位低缺陷,对缺陷的机理进行了研究,对高压套管底部连接部件的结构特性进行了分析,指出事故的原因在于套管底部结构设计不合理、使用材质不当。针对事故原因,提出了使用一体化设计的黄铜连接件的缺陷处理措施,以及下一步的防范措施。     

高压直流套管电压监测器的研究

介绍了高压直流套管用电压监测器的作用、计算原理、技术参数、结构特点、试验项目及结果。主要性能指标:输出两路110VAC/5VA信号电压,输出信号与高压交流分量关联精度≤3%,高压交流分量与输出信号电压相位偏差≤30°,输出三路继电器报警120 VAC/125VAC/130VAC。安装到BJR-±204/2 800高压直流套管上完成了联调。     

红外热像技术在低零值绝缘子检测中的应用

在机电负荷、雷击及自然环境因素的长期作用下,绝缘子电气绝缘性能会逐渐下降,最终丧失,对电网安全稳定运行构成隐患。因此需要对运行绝缘子进行定期的绝缘检测,而目前常用的带电检测方法如火花间隙法、分布电压测量法和绝缘电阻测量法等存在工作量大,工作效率低等缺点。提出了红外热像技术进行绝缘子带电检测,该方法通过遥测绝缘子串温度分布来判断绝缘子绝缘情况,不需要人工爬塔进行检测,具有工作量小,工作效率高等优点,并通过试验验证红外热成像技术的有效性。     

10 kV 变配电所高压系统设计中 MOA 避雷器的选型

分析民用10 kV 变配电系统中的过电压保护,对无间隙氧化锌避雷器的保护原理、设置原则、参数选择进行阐述。以10 kV 小电阻接地系统与经消弧线圈接地系统的避雷器选择为例,阐述避雷器参数的选型。     

“断零”的危害和防范

阐述三相四线配电回路中中性线中断("断零")引发的诸多电气危害,介绍国际上和国内对防"断零"危害的不同措施。作者赞同国际电工标准采取多种措施避免"断零"的发生,从根本上杜绝"断零"引发诸多电气危害的对策。对我国有关规范以过欠压防护电器防范"断零"的规定提出质疑。     

双闭环模糊PI控制的双馈式风机并网研究

将模糊控制与PI控制相结合,应用于双馈式风机网侧变换器控制中。采用外环电压模糊PI控制、内环电流控制的双闭环控制系统来克服运行时发电机参数发生变化带来的干扰。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建仿真模型进行仿真,结果表明:该方法在运行过程中可以很好地克服风速和电机参数变化的影响,定子端电压的波形、幅值、频率均达到并网要求,谐波含量少。     

T型三电平光伏逆变器适应低电压穿越的调制策略探讨

针对T型三电平逆变器在低电压穿越时存在的损耗分布不均,从而影响逆变器的可靠运行的问题,首先在T型三电平逆变器的损耗模型和热传递模型基础上,分析并比较了三电平逆变器在正常运行与低电压穿越时损耗分布和热应力,提出了一种适应低电压穿越的调制策略,通过合理分配冗余矢量,转移中间管的损耗,从而避免中间管过温而导致失效;然后,针对低电压故障和电压恢复过程中的存在三电平逆变器中点电压不均问题,改进了调制方式,通过在三电平逆变器低电压穿越的全过程,既实现了逆变器的损耗均匀分布,又减小中点电压的不平衡。最后,在250 k W的T型三电平光伏逆变器上进行了低电压穿越的实验验证。