Imaging gold clusters on TiO2(110) at elevated pressures and temperatures

Variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to image oxide-supported nanoclusters of Au at temperatures from 300 to 450 K and oxygen pressures from 10^–10 to 4 Torr. Oxygen-induced morphological changes of the TiO₂(1×2) reconstruction are apparent at room temperature and prolonged exposure (3×10³ L (langmuir)) at 10^–4 Torr oxygen. Gold clusters with diameters smaller than 4 nm are unstable toward sintering at ca. 450 K and oxygen pressures >10^–1 Torr. Oxygen at pressures >10^–4 Torr weakens the interaction between the gold cluster and the titania support. Increasing the sample temperature to >300 K facilitates disruption of the cluster–support interaction.     

Hydrodesulfurization activity of highly dispersed Co sulfide clusters prepared in zeolite cages

Zeolite-supported highly dispersed Co sulfide clusters are synthesized using Co(CO)₃ (NO) as a precursor. The amount of Co inCoS_x/zeolite anchored by a CVD technique increases as the Al/Si ratio of the zeolite increases, whereas the activity per Co atomdecreases for thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS). When an Na-exchanged USY zeolite is used, the Co sulfide catalyst shows a muchhigher HDS activity than a conventional Co—Mo/Al₂ O₃ catalyst. It is considered from XAFS and NO adsorption techniques that thehigh HDS activity of CoS_x/USY-Na is due to an extremely high dispersion of Co sulfide clusters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Numerical simulation on fluidization characteristics of tobacco particles in fluidized bed dryers

Three-dimensional simulations have been carried out to examine the gas–particle flow behavior of tobacco material in a fluidized bed dryer. The Euler–Euler model has been used to study the distribution of particles in the fluidized bed dryer. The simulation results indicate that tobacco particles usually concentrate in the near-wall region, and there exists a maximum particle concentration in the feed pipe. The predictions on the regions with high concentration of particles in the fluidized bed dryer agree well with the experimental findings. Moreover, this kind of dynamic particle aggregation might lead to particle clusters, and investigations of the particle motion and mixing behavior in the simulated systems indicate that there are particle clusters during fluidization. The diverse nature of clusters enriches the flow behaviors of particles and consequently leads to the macro-scale heterogeneity featuring fast fluidization: dilute at the top and dense at the bottom in the axial direction as well as the core–annulus structure in the radial direction. Therefore, the particle clusters is one of the key problems in drying processes, which must be known for understanding the material distribution inside the dryer, as well as for the system design of fluidized bed dryers. According to the results, some improvements on the fluidized bed dryer have been brought out and the relative numerical experiments have been performed. The numerical experiments show that the improvements can realize better uniformity and lead to a decrease in the particle concentration, which provides useful ways to solve the clustering problem.     

一种集群式指状电磁铁的结构设计及研究

合理的磁路结构及均匀的磁场强度对磁流变抛光效果起着至关重要的作用,基于电磁铁的特性并结合集群磁流变技术,设计了一种集群式指状电磁铁。详细分析了集群式指状电磁铁的结构设计,通过Ansoft有限元仿真对集群式指状电磁铁的结构进行仿真及优化。优化结果显示：当凹槽间隙为1 mm、凹槽深度为2 mm且凹槽进行圆弧处理时,两磁极磁指区域表面可以获得比较均匀的面域磁场。经试验证明,磁极头磁指处磁感应强度的测试曲线与仿真曲线趋势吻合度达87.5%,符合集群效应,磁场强度满足集群磁流变抛光的要求。     

团簇离子束纳米加工技术研究进展

团簇离子束是带电的团簇,可以在电场、磁场作用下加速、传输或偏转,形成几个eV到几个MeV能量的离子束。文中阐述了团簇离子束的基本概念、产生方法和主要应用。大尺寸气体团簇和硼基团簇必须用高压气体超声绝热膨胀方法产生,然后通过电子碰撞电离形成团簇正离子。硼团簇用于超浅结制备,实现了结深为10~20nm的超浅注入;包含数千原子的大团簇则被用于半导体的表面平化,获得了粗糙度在0.7nm以下的平滑表面。用铯溅射离子源可以产生几个到几十个原子的负离子小团簇,包括B、C、F、Si及其分子团簇(SiB、GeB)。其中,硼基分子团簇离子束已用于对半导体进行瞬态增强扩散掺杂,与半导体表面的离子注入非晶化工艺相结合,实现了接近纳米量级的超浅注入。碳系团簇最近被用于超薄材料制备,获得了单层和双层石墨烯,并发现团簇离子束引起的非线性辐照损伤对石墨烯的形成具有重要影响。结果表明:团簇离子技术在超大集成电路和新型超薄纳米材料制备等领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

富勒烯氯化碳簇制备方法研究进展

自从1985年发现C60以来,人们从未间断对富勒烯的研究。为了进一步探索和研究富勒烯独特的物理和化学性质及在其它领域的应用,科学家们已经探索出各种合成方法。而目前大部分合成方法所得到的产物都非单一的物质,因此有效的分离手段是一个关键而必要的步骤,它将有助于我们进一步认识富勒烯。将国内外有关氯化碳簇的合成、提取和分离研究进展作一简单综述。     

稠密气固两相流中颗粒密集效应的研究与应用

从颗粒的全受力分析、气固两相流系统能量的趋于稳定法则及直接从当量直径折算这3种方法着手，经理论推导，得到了稠密气固两相流中颗粒密集效应的定量表达式，并采用得到的3种计算模型，研究了一典型的两相流场中颗粒密集效应的大小，研究结果表明，该模型是合理的，能定量揭示颗粒密集效应的大小。     

FOX-7团簇中分子间相互作用对其裂解影响的量子化学研究

采用色散校正密度泛函理论的RI-B2PLYP-D3和PW6B95-D3方法得到了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的四种气相团簇,以此模拟FOX-7分子在晶体结构中的存在状态。绘制了团簇形成过程中各分子相邻处的电子密度差图,从电子密度变化的角度解释了分子间相互作用的形成及来源,研究了凝聚相FOX-7分子间相互作用对FOX-7裂解机理的影响。结果表明,FOX-7团簇中分子间相互作用源于电子偏移形成的部分分子间共享电子,分子间相互作用形成的同时也使部分分子内的化学键被弱化,致使FOX-7的裂解通道发生改变。采用PW6B95-D3理论时,分子间相互作用使各团簇中FOX-7的C—NO_2键裂解活化能比单分子状态时普遍降低。不同团簇中分子间相互作用力角度不同,硝基异构反应的过程有所变化,与单分子FOX-7相比,团簇Ⅱ硝基异构通道的活化能下降了210.9 k J·mol~(-1),而团簇Ⅳ硝基异构通道的活化能升高了39.4 k J·mol~(-1)。     

Interdependent technology attributes and the diffusion of consumer electronics

In many studies on innovation diffusion, five attributes of innovations by Rogers [Rogers, E.M., 2003. Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press, New York] are used to explain the adoption of innovations. These five attributes (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability) are related to each other. This paper develops a theoretical framework on how these attributes are interrelated. We show empirically that modelling the theoretical interdependencies leads to better results in predicting the adoption of consumer electronics. Further, we show that our framework is not only valid on a product-domain level, but also for separate clusters within the product domain.     

丛式水平井组整体压裂工艺技术在致密低渗透气藏中的应用

为进一步提高鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田盒1段气层的储量动用程度、评价水平井组开发的经济技术可行性,开展了以多级管外封隔器分段压裂为主导的水平井组工程压裂工艺试验。首先对丛式水平井井组压裂方案进行优化,结合井场地面情况及井身轨迹,优选了压裂工艺、压裂顺序;其次,结合储层工程地质特征,单井录井、气测、随钻伽马等资料以及井网条件,研究了不同的压裂裂缝参数及设计施工参数,并开展了相邻两井同步压裂技术研究;第三,结合施工参数及裂缝监测结果对设计参数进行了实时调整,形成了丛式水平井组分段压裂优化设计工艺技术及其压裂现场优化调整技术;第四,针对现场大规模施工及同步压裂试验易出现的突发情况,制订了详细的应急预案,确保井组压裂成功实施。最后在A井组进行了6井46段现场试验,压后井组天然气无阻流量达77.63×104 m3/d,为该气田致密砂岩气藏的高效开发提供了技术支撑