Evolution with heat treatment of crystallinity in carbons

The variation with heat treatment of the dimensions L_a and L_c of the graphite-like crystallites of graphitizable and non-graphitizable carbons is studied. The increases of L_a and L_c with heat treatment temperature (HTT) owing to three processes (crystallite growth in-plane, coalescence of crystallites along the c-axis and coalescence of crystallites along the a-axis) are functionally separated. The evolution with HTT of the number of crystallites (N_cr), the mean volume of the crystallites (v_cr) and the total volume occupied by the crystallites (V_cr) are determined in terms of the changes of L_a, L_c and d₀₀₂. Since among other characteristics the crystallites form the electrical and thermal conducting phase of the carbon, N_cr, v_cr and V_cr are important parameters in many physical properties of these materials. The developed expressions were applied to a non-graphitizable and to a graphitizable carbon.     

增塑聚丙烯结晶行为和力学性能的研究

以液体石蜡（LP）为增塑剂，采用双螺杆挤出机对无规共聚聚丙烯（PP）进行了增塑，研究了LP用量对PP力学性能和结晶性能的影响。研究结果表明：PP经过增塑后，冲击强度可提高150％，拉伸强度提高80％，断裂伸长率提高110％；增塑PP的结晶度和热变形温度也有所提高。     

Anisotropy of X-ray structural parameters of the three phase model in cellulose I

Anisotropy of X-ray structural parameters of the three phase model proposed by Mitra and Mukherjee (ref.2), has been investigated in the case of cellulose fibres of ramie, hemp and jute. The structural parameters have been determined separately from each of the observable equatorial reflections. It has been found that the parameter degree of crystallinity as defined in the model is in fact anisotropic at least in the samples studied. The parameter degree of paracrystallinity introduced by Mitra and Mukherjee was also found to be anisotropic. Several important correlations between the structural parameters have been drawn. It has been observed, in agreement with the recent findings of Hosemann and Balta Calleja (ref.10) that the greater the paracrystalline distortion, the smaller the ‘paracrystallite size’.     

Crystallization kinetics of low‐density polyethylene and polypropylene melt‐blended with a low‐Tg tin‐based phosphate glass

The nonisothermal and isothermal crystallizations of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in phosphate glass (Pglass)–polymer hybrid blends were studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As the Pglass volume fraction was increased, the percentage crystallinity decreased. The half‐time for crystallization decreased as the propagation rate constant rose, for both of the polymer matrices, with increasing Pglass concentrations. The Pglass was observed to be a nucleating agent for formation of two‐ or three‐dimensional spherulites in the hybrids. Tensile modulus improved for both of the Pglass–polymer hybrids up to 40% Pglass, but the energy to break decreased. Tensile strength changed slightly with the addition of Pglass to the LDPE matrix, exhibiting a larger value than that of pure LDPE at 30%. The tensile strength decreased as more Pglass was added to the PP matrix. The observed differences between tensile properties of the Pglass–PP and Pglass–LDPE hybrids at identical Pglass volume concentration were found to be consistent with that of the crystallization behavior of the hybrids. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3445–3456, 2003     

注射成型薄壁制品的结晶度

简要概述了注射成型过程中的非等温结晶和2种计算结晶度的方法。结果表明，在注射模CAE开发中，用DSC测量是一种比较实用简便的计算结晶度的方法。     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers

Poly(L‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymers with predetermined block lengths were synthesized by polycondensation of PLA diols and PEG diacids. The reaction was carried out under mild conditions, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent and dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. The resulting copolymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as GPC, viscometry, ¹H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, X‐ray diffractometry, and contact angle measurement. The results indicated that these copolymers presented outstanding properties pertinent to biomedical use, including better miscibility between the two components, low crystallinity, and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the properties of the copolymers can be modulated by adjusting the block length of the two components or the reaction conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1729–1736, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10580     

Thermotropic polyarylates derived from substituted hydroquinones and p-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylic acid

Polyarylates from substituted hydroquinones (HQs) and p-terphenyl-4,4″-dicarboxylic acid (TPDA) that were modified with 1,2-bis(phenoxy)ethane-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (PEC), 1,2-bis(2-chlorophenoxy)ethane-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (ClPEC), terephthalic acid (TA) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) were prepared and their thermal and mechanical properties were investigated. These polyarylates exhibited liquid crystallinity at about the same temperatures as polyarylates derived from substituted HQs and 4,4′-diphenyldicarboxylic acid (BB). However, as-spun fibers and injection-molded specimens of these polyarylates exhibited lower moduli than those of substituted HQs and BB that were modified with PEC, Cl-PEC and TA.     

成核剂对不同特性粘数PET结晶性能的影响

研究了新型复合成核剂水滑石(HT)／离聚物(Surlyn8920)／聚乙二醇(PEG)对不同特性粘数聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)非等温结晶性能的影响。通过差示扫描量热仪测试了PET的结晶峰温度T_(mc)和熔融峰温度(T_m)。结果表明,复合成核剂各组分及PET的质量比为0.5:3.0:3.0:100.0时,各种PET的过冷度(T_m-T_(mc))均显著减少．半结晶时间(1gt_(1／2))也明显降低。而且,复合成核剂对不同特性粘数PET结晶性能的改善是一致的。     

Synthesis and properties of polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene triblock copolymers

A series of well‐defined and property‐controlled polystyrene (PS)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐b‐polystyrene (PS) triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom‐transfer radical polymerization, using 2‐bromo‐propionate‐end‐group PEO 2000 as macroinitiatators. The structure of triblock copolymers was confirmed by ¹H‐NMR and GPC. The relationship between some properties and molecular weight of copolymers was studied. It was found that glass‐transition temperature (T_g) of copolymers gradually rose and crystallinity of copolymers regularly dropped when molecular weight of copolymers increased. The copolymers showed to be amphiphilic. Stable emulsions could form in water layer of copolymer–toluene–water system and the emulsifying abilities of copolymers slightly decreased when molecular weight of copolymers increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 727–730, 2006     

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Biodegradable Poly (butylene succinate-co-triethylene glycol succinate)Copolymers

Novel biodegradable aliphatic polyesters,poly(butylene succinate-co-triethylene glycol succinate)(P(BS-co-TEGS))and poly(butylene succinate)(PBS),were synthesized through a two-step procedure of esterification and polycondensation with succinic acid and1,4-butanediol/triethylene glycol as raw materials as well as tetrabutyl titanate and diphenylphosphinic acid as the co-catalysts.The chemical structure and molecular weight of the copolymers were characterized by 1~H nuclear magnetic resonance(~1H NMR)and gel permeation chromatography(GPC),respectively.In addition,thermal properties,crystal structure and mechanical properties were also analyzed with various techniques.P(BS-co-TEGS)exhibited more excellent mechanical properties than PBS,especially in elongation at break.Meanwhile,the crystal structure and thermal stability of the P(BS-co-TEGS)have hardly changed.The crystallinity of P(BS-co-TEGS)was lower than that of PBS and decreased with the increase of mole ratio of triethylene glycol.With the increase of TEGS unit molar composition,the melting point(T_m),crystallization temperatures(T_c)and heat of fusion(ΔH_m)of P(BS-co-TEGS)decreased,while glass transition temperature(T_g)increased.