SiCf/O′-SiAlON composite: properties and oxidation retained properties

A composite of O′SiAlON (Si_2-xAl_xN_2-xO_1+x, with x 0.14) reinforced with 20 vol.% SiC monofilaments was fabricated by hot-pressing, at 1600°C, for 2 h under 34 MPa pressure. The mechanical and interfacial properties of the composites, as-fabricated as well as post-oxidized, were, investigated. The composite exhibited a significant improvement in ultimate flexure strength (640 MPa) and work of fracture (42 kJ m⁻²) compared with that (350 MPa and 1.8 kJ m⁻², respectively) of the monolithic material. These mechanical properties were slightly increased after the composite was heat treated for 24 h in air at 1200 and 1300°C. However, the composite exhibited a significant degradation in ultimate strength, while the work of fracture (WOF) remained unchanged after exposure in air at temperatures beyond 1400°C. The as-fabricated composite revealed a low interfacial shear strength (6.2 MPa) and a frictional sliding stress (3.2 MPa). After the composite was oxidized at elevated temperatures, the interfacial bonding and sliding stresses were reduced to noticeable extents, resulting from the degradation of the carbon coating layer of the SiC monofilaments.     

Influence of water and accelerated aging on the shear fracture properties of glass/epoxy composite

The degradation of interlaminar shear strength and shear fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composites due to uptake of distilled water and sea water has been studied. The composites were immersed in water for up to eight months at temperatures up to 70 °C. Unreinforced matrix resin samples were also immersed for periods up to 2 years. Sea water was absorbed less rapidly than distilled water. Weight gains below 1% did not influence the shear strength while higher weight gains reduced shear strength up to 25%. The loss in apparent interlaminar shear strength was uniquely related to specimen weight gain. Mode II fracture toughness, G _IIc, also decreased with increasing immersion time after an initial incubation period, but the accelerated tests were found to reduce G _IIc less than the room temperature tests at comparable weight gains.     

Prediction of fatigue behaviour in stress-concentrators of arbitrary geometry

A new method is outlined which aims to predict high-cycle fatigue behavior of components which fail from stress-concentrators. This involves examination of the stress field in the vicinity of the stress-concentrator, and comparison with stress fields for cracks at known stress intensities. Methods which are currently used for simple notch geometries can thus be generalised, making the approach applicable to stress concentrators of any geometry. The method of prediction is shown to be stable, providing a solution of good accuracy when compared to analytical methods for standard specimen geometries. Favourable comparisons with experimental data have been achieved both for standard notches and for a corner geometry which represents a typical component case.     

碳/环氧复合材料的冲击拉伸

该文研究了T300碳纤维单向增强的环氧复合材料,在应变率从10~(-3)/s到10~3/s范围内的冲击拉伸行为.通过对实验数据进行拟合,得出该范围内材料对应变率具有弱的敏感性,表现在破坏强度及破坏应变随应变率增加不显著变化,平均模量几乎不受应变率的影响.分析了试件的几何尺寸效应,讨论了应力波作用对破坏形态的影响以及实验中观察到的拔出现象.从应变率在10~2～10~3/s附近材料行为某些非确定性,指出在更宽范围内了解其性能的必要性.     

特种钢用结晶器铜管破裂原因分析

通过对某特钢厂破裂的结晶器铜管进行金相实验、扫描电镜和能谱分析,并结合结晶器的生产、使用及失效过程情况,综合受力分析,认为铜管破裂原因主要是环境介质硫渗入形成硫化物,在拉应力作用下,裂纹沿脆性质点扩展导致的破坏。     

Delaminations at the free edge of a composite laminate

The concept of a fracture process zone where damage takes place is used to analyse the delaminations at the free edges of angle ply laminates under uniaxial tension. The use of a fracture process zone removes the singularity in the interlaminar stresses and enables the initiation and growth of delaminations to be modelled for a perfect laminate without any assumed prior defects. Two different models for the stress displacement relationship in the fracture process zone are examined: a constant stress up to critical displacement and a linear relationship. Finite element analysis shows that there is little difference in the predictions obtained from the two models. An approximate analysis is presented for the constant stress stress-displacement model which is shown to agree with a finite element solution and experimental data. Hence it is argued that the approximate method using a constant stress model for the fracture process zone is sufficient for accurate prediction of delaminations.     

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本文把与井简直接连通的大裂缝及井筒定义为“裂缝—井筒系统”,通过气体状态方程的变换和续流总量的计算,探索出井底大裂缝的容积及其储量的计算方法。     

冶炼工艺对GH871合金涡轮盘韧性的影响

研究了AIM ESR和VIM ESR两种冶炼工艺对GH871合金涡轮盘三种韧性指标的影响,结果表明:冶炼工艺对该合金在室温、650℃拉伸和缺口冲击韧性影响较小,采用VIM ESR冶炼工艺可以显著提高GH871合金在700℃拉伸韧性和I型裂纹平面应变的断裂韧性。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL-NUMERICAL METHOD FOR MEASURING CRACK PROPAGATING VELOCITIES UNDER STRESS WAVE LOADING

An experimental-numerical method for measuring dynamic crack propagating velocities under stress wave loading is established in this paper. The experiments of the three-point bend specimen are done on the improved Hopkinson bar. Deflection of loading point, dynamic load and instantaneous crack length are measured, then crack propagating velocities are calculated. Experiments on 40Cr steel show that the results given by this method have a good agreement with that obtained by the resistance fracture gage method. Therefore this method is feasible for measuring crack propagating velocities under high loading rate and will have wide application.     

Carbon segregation and inclusions effects on surface fracture morphology of a 12% chromium stainless steel

Martensitic 12% chromium stainless steel is generally used for the manufacture of water vapour turbine blades. This material, under these environmental conditions, develops fatigue corrosion with failure as a result of the segregation of certain constituent elements such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S),^[1–3] or the presence of some types of inclusions.^[2–4] To be able to understand and explain these phenomena, in situ characterization of the fractured surfaces were performed for two types of samples: steel 1 as manufactured turbine material whose fracture mode is intergranular and steel 2 issued from last stage turbine blades after 100 000 h service at 40 °C whose fracture mode is transgranular. The techniques used for characterization were scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with the x-ray analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The Auger results enabled the understanding of the brittle to ductile transition for the material by showing the simultaneous diffusion of carbon from grain boundaries (GB) to grains (G) and chromium from G to GB. Furthermore, the heavy segregation of phosphorus at the GBs could explain the intergranular crack rupture traces observed in steel 2. SEM observations coupled with EDS analysis showed the presence of different types of non-metallic inclusions such as silicon-based complex inclusions and manganese sulfides (MnS). The presence of silicon-based complex inclusions at GB could explain the intergranular fracture mode previously reported. The characterization of the fracture appearance suggests also that MnS inclusions can act as nucleation sites for secondary microcracks at the GB level that were observed after service.