Hydrodynamic force between two hard spheres tangentially translating in a power-law fluid

The hydrodynamic interaction between two hard spheres tangentially translating in a power-law fluid is investigated. By considering the gap between the two spheres being sufficiently small such that the Reynolds’ lubrication theory applies, an analytical equation to the pressure in the gap is obtained using truncated Fourier series. To a good approximation, the pressure equation can be further simplified. The simplified approximate equation over-predicts the pressure for shear thickening fluid (n>1) but under-predicts the pressure for shear-thinning fluid (n<1). However, the errors in the predicted tangential force and moment are relatively small. In particular, for a Newtonian fluid, the accurate solution and the simplified approximate solution degenerate to the asymptotic solution of Goldman et al. [1967. Slow viscous motion of a sphere parallel to a plane wall-motion through a quiescent fluid. Chemical Engineering Science 22, 637-651.] and O’Neill and Stewartson [1967. On the slow motion of a sphere parallel to a nearby plane wall. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 27, 705-724.]. Both solutions predict that for shear thickening fluid (n>1), the hydrodynamic force converged in the inner region of the gap between the two spheres and the contribution from the outer region is sufficiently small. For shear thinning fluid (n<1), the contribution from the outer region is also significant.     

Organic‐acid‐catalyzed sol–gel route for preparing poly(methyl methacrylate)–silica hybrid materials

In this study, a series of organic–inorganic hybrid sol–gel materials consisting of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix and dispersed silica (SiO₂) particles were successfully prepared through an organic‐acid‐catalyzed sol–gel route with N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as the mixing solvent. The as‐synthesized PMMA–SiO₂ nanocomposites were subsequently characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The solid phase of organic camphor sulfonic acid was employed to catalyze the hydrolysis and condensation (i.e., sol–gel reactions) of tetraethyl orthosilicate in the PMMA matrix. The formation of the hybrid membranes was beneficial for the physical properties at low SiO₂ loadings, especially for enhanced mechanical strength and gas barrier properties, in comparison with the neat PMMA. The effects of material composition on the thermal stability, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, molecular permeability, optical clarity, and surface morphology of the as‐prepared hybrid PMMA–SiO₂ nanocomposites in the form of membranes were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, gas permeability analysis, ultraviolet–visible transmission spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Measuring interdiffusion at an interface between two elastomers with tapping-mode and contact-resonance atomic force microscopy imaging

Despite the common use of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy to image composites or polymer blends, very few studies have focused on the measurement of the interdiffusion at an interface between two polymers in contact. In this study, we show how to assess the interphase between two polymers with two methods. First, stable and robust tapping conditions are established, and the problem of the phase contrast is discussed. Second, a contact-resonance method is presented: the tip in contact with the sample is electrostatically excited at its resonance frequency by a self-controlled oscillator. The gain and frequency images allow us to measure the interdiffusion width. Both methods (using high and weak mechanical solicitation) give the same assessment of the interdiffusion width. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Wave drift force in a two-layer fluid of finite depth

Based on the momentum and energy conservation principles, a compact calculation formula is analytically derived for the wave-drift force on a 2-D body floating in a two-layer fluid of finite depth. In a two-layer fluid, two different wave modes (the surface-wave mode with longer wavelength and the internal-wave mode with shorter wavelength) exist not only in the incident wave but also in the body-scattered wave, and these wave characteristics are properly incorporated in the obtained formula. It is noted that, unlike the single-layer case, the wave-drift force can be negative in the incident wave of surface-wave mode, if the transmitted wave with internal-wave mode is large. Numerical computations are implemented for a Lewis-form body by means of the boundary-integral-equation method with Green’s function for the two-layer fluid problem. The effects of density ratio, interface position, and body motions on the wave-drift force are studied, and some important features are found for two-layer fluids.     

技术进步经济效益评价——中国长城铝业公司水泥厂产出增长中技术进步作用的评价

本文通过运用“生产函数法”、“增长速度方程”来定量分析技术进步在长城铝业公司水泥厂产出增长中的作用,从中找出该水泥厂生产经营过程中存在的问题及未来发展方向。     

谈用三爪卡盘装夹车削钢件时的切削用量

指出根据《金属切削手册》给出的切削用量范围确定切削用量，有可能不适当，特别是在三爪卡盘装夹硬度低的半径小的工件时容易发生这种情况，提出根据工件硬度、夹持长度、三爪的夹持半径等诸因素确定切削用量的方法。     

单片机在产生特殊复合磁场系统中的应用

探讨了在电磁铸轧中采用单片机作为核心监控装置的工作原理，论述了用单片机实现函数信号发生的硬件设计和软件流程，实现了对感应器产生特殊复合磁场的控制，并提出了一种新的随机数的产生方法。     

TbFe磁性薄膜的磁力显微镜成像研究

利用磁力显微镜（MFM）对TbFe磁性薄膜进行了不同抬举距离（分别为60～780nm）的磁力成像研究．在实验中，比较了低抬举距离（100nm以下）磁力像中样品-针尖的互相干扰；同时发现在高抬举距离磁力像中，随着抬举距离的增大，出现了与高凸起形貌对应的图像衬度特征，并随抬举距离的变化也改变着位置与强度，一直到抬举距离为仪器的极限值780nm时，形貌干扰仍未消失，对其形成机制进行了分析．     

Second-order Wagner theory of wave impact

The paper deals with the two-dimensional unsteady problem of the impact of a liquid parabola onto a rigid flat plate at a constant velocity. The liquid is assumed ideal and incompressible and its flow potential. The initial stage of the impact is the main concern in this study. The non-dimensional half-width of the contact region between the impacting liquid and the plate plays the role of a small parameter in this problem. The flow region is subdivided into four parts: (i) the main flow region, the dimension of which is of the order of the contact-region width, (ii) the jet-root region, where the curvature of the free surface is very high and the flow is strongly nonlinear, (iii) the jet region, where the flow is approximately one-dimensional, (iv) the far-field region, where the flow is approximately uniform at the initial stage of impact. A second-order solution in the main flow region has been derived and matched to the first-order inner solution in the jet-root region. The matching conditions provide an estimate of the dimension of the contact region for small time. Pressure distributions in both the main flow region and the inner region are derived. The accuracy of the obtained asymptotic formulae is estimated. The second-order hydrodynamic force acting on the plate is obtained and compared with available experimental data. A fairly good agreement is reported.     

电磁搅拌制备ZL12Y铝合金流变半固态浆料的实验及模拟研究

对不同温度及不同搅拌工艺下得到的材料的显微组织的比较，确定了合理的半固态温度和搅拌工艺，即半固态温度为590℃，震荡电流为500A。随后对单个线圈电磁搅拌过程进行建模及电磁场和流速场的耦合模拟得到了电磁场和流速场分布，此结果与电磁搅拌的原理及实验结果相一致。计算出在该温度和工艺下熔体内部的平均流动速度为3．2cm／s，将该结果作为能否得到半固态浆料的判据。