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21.
蒸发冷凝法中气体压强和蒸发温度对粒子大小的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在N_2气氛中,用蒸发冷凝法,制备了Sn细微粒和Fe及Fe-47(wt)%Ni合金超细微粒。分别用SEM和TEM,直接观测粒子大小及其分布。结果表明,平均粒径不是随N_2气压强增加单调上升,而是在某一压强P_(max)下,出现最大值。随蒸发温度提高,P_(max)值迅速增大。粒子大小及其分布与粒子生长机制密切相关。对粒子凝聚生长条件进行了简要讨论。 相似文献
22.
瓶组气化站的建筑,结构设计关系到安全,满足使用要求和投资的大小,本文根据多年的实践和最新的有关设计规范的要求,阐述瓶组气化站建筑,结构设计的要点。 相似文献
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Thin film of Ti-Ni alloy has a potential to perform the microactuation functions required in the microelectromechanical system (MEMS).It is essential, however, to have good uniformity in both chemical composition and thickness to realize its full potential as an active component of MEMS devices.Electron beam evaporation technique was employed in this study to fabricate the thin films of Ti-Ni alloy on different substrates.The targets used for the evaporation were first prepared by electron beam melting.The uniformity of composition and microstructure of the thin films were characterized by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The mechanical property of the thin films was evaluated by the nano-indentation test.The martensitic transformation temperature was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).It is confirmed that the chemical composition of deposited thin films is identical to that of the target materials.Furthermore, results from depth profiling of the chemical composition variation reveal that the electron beam evaporation process yields better compositional homogeneity than other conventional methods such as sputtering and thermal evaporation.Microstructural observation by TEM shows that nanometer size precipitates are preferentially distributed along the grain boundaries of a few micron size grains.The hardness and elastic modulus of thin films decreases with an increase in Ti contents. 相似文献
25.
脱硫废水旋转喷雾干燥技术是一种利用热烟气蒸发脱硫废水的零排放技术。开展了不同悬浮物(SS)含量的脱硫废水原水以及经浓缩的高盐废水的蒸发实验,采用可视化手段观察了脱硫废水在干燥塔内的蒸发特性,考察了脱硫废水喷雾蒸发过程中停留时间、进口烟气温度、气液比对蒸发特性的影响。结果表明,旋转喷雾蒸发工艺对高盐、高SS含量等复杂脱硫废水组分具有较佳的适应性;脱硫废水从旋转雾化器喷出后迅速蒸发,主蒸发区在雾化盘下方0.75~1.00 m区域内;随后是蒸发析出的未干盐分及未完全蒸发的废水液滴进一步蒸干至含水率低于2 %;烟气在喷雾干燥塔内的停留时间需要维持在20 s以上才能保证塔出口灰分含水率低于2 %;入口烟气温度越高,其塔底及塔出口的灰分含水率越低,在气液比为12 000 m3/m3(标准状态)的废水工况下,入口烟温为280 ℃时已经难以保证废水液滴良好蒸发;在入口烟气温度为340 ℃、气液比大于10 000 m3/m3(标准状态)时,塔底灰分含水率小于2%,蒸发效果良好。 相似文献
26.
Highly conductive transparent aluminium-doped ZnO (ZnO:A1) films were successfully deposited by CW-CO2 laser-induced evaporation. Optimisation of evaporation parameters was based on laser power, substrate temperature, O2 partial pressure in the vacuum chamber and amount of Al in the ZnO source pellet. ZnO:A1 films with an electrical resistivity as low as 6.6 × 10−2Ω·cm and an optical transmission of 80% at 500nm were obtained at laser power of 15 W, substrate temperature of about 200°C, O2 partial pressure of 6—7 × 10−4 Torr and 5wt.% Al. Conductivity of ZnO films can be increased one order via Al-doping in ZnO films. The films obtained by laser-induced evaporation have compared quite favorably with the high quality films obtained by sputtering. 相似文献
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Boon-Seang Chu Sosaku Ichikawa Sumiyo Kanafusa Mitsutoshi Nakajima 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(11):1053-1062
This work was initiated to prepare protein-stabilized β-carotene nanodispersions using emulsification–evaporation. A pre-mix
of the aqueous phase composed of a protein and hexane containing β-carotene was subjected to high-pressure homogenization
using a microfluidizer. Hexane in the resulting emulsion was evaporated under reduced pressures, causing crystallization and
precipitation of β-carotene inside the droplets and formation of β-carotene nanoparticles. Sodium caseinate (SC) was the most
effective emulsifier among selected proteins in preparing the nanodispersion, with a monomodal β-carotene particle-size distribution
and a 17-nm mean particle size. The results were confirmed by transmission-electron microscopy analysis. SC-stabilized nanodispersion
also had considerably high ζ-potential (−27 mV at pH 7), suggesting that the nanodispersion was stable against particle aggregation.
Increasing the SC concentration decreased the mean particle size and improved the polydispersity of the nanodispersions. Nanodispersions
prepared with higher β-carotene concentrations and higher organic-phase ratios resulted in larger β-carotene particles. Although
increased microfluidization pressure did not decrease particle size, it did improve the polydispersity of the nanodispersions.
Repeating the microfluidization process at 140 MPa caused the nanodispersions to become polydisperse, indicating the loss
of emulsifying capacity of SC due to protein denaturation. 相似文献
30.
N. E. Ermolin 《Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves》2007,43(5):549-561
To verify the adequacy of various models of heat release in ammonium dinitramide flame to real processes, chemical processes
in products of thermal decomposition at a pressure of 10 torr and in ammonium dinitramide [ADN; NH4N(NO2)2] flame at a pressure of 0.4 to 60 atm are numerically simulated. The calculations are performed on the basis of a detailed
kinetic mechanism and boundary conditions correlated with experimental data, thermodynamic properties, and chemical composition
of ADN. The kinetic mechanism includes submechanisms that describe high-temperature chemical processes in NH3/N2O/NO/NO2/HNO2/HNO3 and NH3/HN(NO2)2 mixtures, and the global stages of aerosol decomposition. Based on calculated and experimental data, the role of dinitraminic
acid HN(NO2)2, aerosols, and ADN vapor in heat release in the ADN flame zone adjacent to the burning surface is estimated. The calculations
predict that the main source of heat release in the cold flame zone at p ≥ 3 atm is dinitraminic acid incoming through the channel of dissociative evaporation ADNliq → NH3 + HN(NO2)2 from the burning surface. In the high-temperature flame zone, heat release is caused by the reaction that occurs in the NH3/N2O/NO/NO2/HNO2/HNO3 mixture. At moderate pressures, the high-temperature and low-temperature zones are separated by an induction zone. The stage
governing production of the OH radical, which plays an important role in combustion, in the induction zone is the reaction
HNO3 + M → OH + NO2 + M. Because of a high activation energy of the stage, small temperature perturbations in the induction zone at low pressures
lead to a finite change in the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface. Therefore,
small temperature perturbations in the induction zone, which are caused by admixtures in the sample or by heat transfer between
the reacting gas and the ambient medium, may be responsible for disagreement between various experimental data and between
experimental and calculated data on the stand-off distance between the high-temperature flame zone and the burning surface.
In numerical calculations, the position of the high-temperature zone is effectively controlled by varying rate constants of
elementary stages within admissible limits.
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Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 64–76, September–October, 2007. 相似文献