Iron Oxyhydroxide: Structure and Applications in Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the anodic half-reaction for crucial energy devices, such as water electrolysis, metal–air battery, and electrochemical CO₂ reduction. Fe-based materials are recognized as one of the most promising electrocatalysts for OER because of its extremely low price and high activity. In particular, iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) is not only highly active toward OER, but also widely accepted as the true active species of Fe-based OER electrocatalysts for plenty of Fe-based materials are converted into FeOOH during OER test. Herein, the recent advances of FeOOH-based nano-structure and its application in OER are reviewed. The relationship between FeOOH structure and its catalytic performance, followed by the introduction of current strategies for enhancing the OER activity (i.e., crystalline phase engineering, element doping, and construction of hybrid materials) is mainly focused. Finally, a summary and perspective about the remaining challenges and future opportunities in this area and further the design of Fe-based OER electrocatalysts are provided.     

冲击载荷下延性材料的动态本构关系与动态断裂

基于Y/G及G/B为常数的假设,构建了7种高压与高应变率本构模型,采用所构建的7种本构模型对于高导无氧铜(OFHC)的平面冲击波试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明,平面冲击波载荷下OFHC的屈服强度对于压力、密度、温度以及塑性应变的依赖性是本构描述的关键。由Hopkinson试验取得的OFHC高应变率本构模型,并不适合描述平面冲击波载荷下的本构特性。采用层裂过程中的应力松弛方程,建立了一种基于空穴聚集的延性层裂模型,依赖于应力的层裂空隙度方程被耦合计及损伤的总体控制方程。数值模拟了多种材料的平面冲击致层裂试验。采用Hopkinson拉伸装置和一种基于一级气体炮的高速冲击拉伸断裂装置,研究了OFHC铜杆在一系列冲击拉伸速度下的断裂。一种受单轴冲击拉伸荷载的中心含椭球空穴的样本体积单元用于数值模拟空穴的增长与失稳,以空穴形状演化为判据,比较了空穴失稳时的单元平均径向应变与无凹槽杆的冲击断裂应变。     

基于混沌DESAPSO算法的无人机三维航迹规划

粒子群(PSO)算法易陷入局部最优,将其运用于无人机三维航迹规划会导致航迹品质不高,针对这一问题,提出了将差分进化(DE)算法、模拟退火(SA)算法嵌入PSO算法中,构成混沌差分进化模拟退火粒子群(DESAPSO)算法,从三个方面提高了航迹品质:一是利用DE算法的变异、交叉及竞争选择增加种群多样性;二是利用SA算法概率突跳能力跳出局部最优解;三是对PSO算法参数进行混沌优化,进一步增强种群多样性.仿真结果表明:混沌DE-SAPSO算法改进航迹品质效果明显,获得了满意的无人机三维航迹.     

两种LTE上行SC-OFDMA信号生成方式

首先讨论了Long Term Evolution（LTE）上行传输方案的提出的需求背景,然后简要介绍集中式单载波和分散式单载波概念,研究了它们分别在时域和频域的生成方式,最后分析比较两种方案的优缺点。     

漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响

景观格局演变必然影响生态系统服务供给,探讨二者关系,对于实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义。基于1986、2001、2016年3期Landsat遥感影像,提取景观类型数据,分析漓江流域景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：30年来林地一直是漓江流域的优势景观,面积增加,农田和水体减少,建设用地和裸地增加,草地先减后增;研究区生态服务价值持续增加,净增7.50亿元,林地对生态服务价值贡献率最大,是生态服务价值增加的主要来源,生态系统的调节、支持等服务性功能远大于生产和文化性功能;生态系统服务价值存在明显的空间分异,中间河谷地带低、四周山林地区高;优势斑块面积扩大、斑块间保持良好自然连通性,景观类型的均匀性、异质性降低有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。研究揭示了景观格局与生态服务变化的关系,可为漓江流域景观可持续管理提供科学参考。     

Exfoliated Layered Manganese Trichalcogenide Phosphite (MnPX3, X = S,Se) as Electrocatalytic van der Waals Materials for Hydrogen Evolution

Layered metal trichalcogen phosphites, also entitled as metal phosphorus chalcogenides (MPX₃), have regained abundant interest, not only due to their magnetic properties, but also due to promising performances in energy storage and conversion. Herein, two different layered manganese trichalcogen phosphites, MnPX₃ (X = S, Se), are synthetized and submitted to shear force exfoliation. Structural and morphological characterization point to the fact that exfoliated MPX₃ (exf‐MnPX₃) undergo mainly a downsizing process, alongside with delamination. Layered exf‐MnPSe₃ has the lowest onset potential for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both media. In acidic media, a comparative improvement of 350 mV is observed for exf‐MnPSe₃ relative to the bulk MnPSe₃. The materials stability as electrocatalysts is also tested for HER in a wide pH range, in which exf‐MnPSe₃ has a good stability after 100 cycles. The improved performance of exf‐MnPSe₃ can be correlated with the lower relative abundance of Mn and P oxides detected in the Mn 2p and P 2p core levels. Such materials show a great promise for future in a hydrogen‐based economy.     

Precious‐Metal‐Free Electrocatalysts for Activation of Hydrogen Evolution with Nonmetallic Electron Donor: Chemical Composition Controllable Phosphorous Doped Vanadium Carbide MXene

The insufficient strategies to improve electronic transport, the poor intrinsic chemical activities, and limited active site densities are all factors inhibiting MXenes from their electrocatalytic applications in terms of hydrogen production. Herein, these limitations are overcome by tunable interfacial chemical doping with a nonmetallic electron donor, i.e., phosphorization through simple heat‐treatment with triphenyl phosphine (TPP) as a phosphorous source in 2D vanadium carbide MXene. Through this process, substitution, and/or doping of phosphorous occurs at the basal plane with controllable chemical compositions (3.83–4.84 at%). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the P? C bonding shows the lowest surface formation energy (ΔG_Surf) of 0.027 eV Å^?2 and Gibbs free energy (ΔG_H) of –0.02 eV, whereas others such as P‐oxide and P? V (phosphide) show highly positive ΔG_H. The P3–V₂CT_x treated at 500 °C shows the highest concentration of P? C bonds, and exhibits the lowest onset overpotential of –28 mV, Tafel slope of 74 mV dec^?1, and the smallest overpotential of ‐163 mV at 10 mA cm^?2 in 0.5 m H₂SO₄. The first strategy for electrocatalytically accelerating hydrogen evolution activity of V₂CT_x MXene by simple interfacial doping will open the possibility of manipulating the catalytic performance of various MXenes.     

A Modified Dynamic Differential Evolution Algorithm with Greedy Mutation Operation

Dynamic differential evolution （DDE） has been proposed to improve the performance of Differential evolution （DE） by dynamic updating of population. However, the convergence rate of DDE in optimizing a computationally expensive objective function still does not meet all our requirements. A new local search operation, greedy mutation operation, is proposed and embedded into DDE. The greedy mutation operation differs itself from the purely random mutation by considering fitness information. Modifications in mutation ensure that the fitness of base vector is superior to the average fitness of population, which leads to develop offspring that are more fit to survive than those generated from purely random operators. The modified DDE was tested against DE and DDE using five benchmark functions. The results show that the modified DDE converges faster without compromising solution quality.     

Tuning domain size and crystallinity in isoindigo/PCBM organic solar cells via solution shearing

Despite having achieved the long sought-after performance of 10% power conversion efficiency, high performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are still mostly constrained to lab scale devices fabricated by spin coating. Efforts to produce printed OPVs lag considerably behind, and the sensitivity to different fabrication methods highlights the need to develop a comprehensive understanding of the processing-morphology relationship in printing methods. Here we present a systematic experimental investigation of a model low bandgap polymer/fullerene system, poly-isoindigo thienothiophene/PC₆₁BM, using a lab-scale analogue to roll-to-roll coating as the fabrication tool in order to understand the impact of processing parameters on morphological evolution. We report that domain size and polymer crystallinity can be tuned by a factor of two by controlling the temperature and coating speed. Lower fabrication temperature simultaneously decreased the phase separation domain size and increased the relative degree of crystallinity in those domains, leading to improved photocurrent. We conclude that domain size in isoindigo/PCBM is dictated by spontaneous phase separation rather than crystal nucleation and growth. Furthermore we present a model to describe the temperature dependence of domain size formation in our system, which demonstrates that morphology is not necessarily strictly dependent on the evaporation rate, but rather on the interplay between evaporation and diffusion during the printing process.