Effects of the o‐aromatic ring in the molecular chain on the properties of polyester polyols

A series of liquid polyester polyols from adipic acid (AA), phthalic anhydride (PA), ethylene glycol, propanediol‐1,2, and trihydroxymethylpropane, varying in the molar ratio of PA to AA, were prepared. The effects of the o‐aromatic ring in the molecular chain, which came from PA, on the viscosity, glass‐transition temperature, and thermal degradation temperature of the polyester polyols were studied with viscometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. The intrinsic viscosity and glass‐transition temperature increased with the concentration of the o‐aromatic ring increasing. The temperature of the maximum thermal degradation rate for aliphatic polyester polyols was 434.20°C. Two steps of thermal degradation were found when there were o‐aromatic rings in the molecular chain. One thermal degradation temperature was 358.36–360.48°C, and the other was 412.85–427.18°C. Polyester polyols with o‐aromatic rings had higher stability at lower temperatures (<240.00°C). However, aliphatic polyester polyols had higher stability at higher temperatures (300.00–480.00°C). The activation energy and order of degradation were calculated from thermogravimetric curves. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1617–1624, 2002     

一种基于计算机视觉的铁轨扣件缺失检测方法

针对传统扣件检测方法式效率低、可靠性差,不能满足现代铁路检修的需要,提出了一种基于计算机视觉的扣件缺失自动检测方法。在对灰度图像进行Canny边缘检测处理后采用十字交叉定位法对扣件位置进行定位,得到120×200像素的扣件区域,并提取扣件图像的20个边缘特征值;最后,利用模糊C均值聚类算法对这两类的特征量进行聚类分析,通过计算待诊断对象与标准模式的隶属度实现对扣件状态的分类。应用验证表明：采用的图像处理方法和识别分类算法能够有效检出轨道扣件缺失,检测速度快,鲁棒性好,检出率达96%。     

The ring transformations of 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (2,2′-bioxirane) catalysed by various aluminosilicates

The transformations of a molecule containing two adjacent epoxide rings, 2,2-bioxirane that is, were studied over various acidic aluminosilicates (HZSM-5, HY-FAU, AlMCM-41), for the first time, In the 373–473 K temperature range, in a pulse reactor, a ring-opening–ring-enlargment reaction producing furan only occured over the zeolites and it was the predominant reaction on AlMCM-41 as well. The driving force of this transformation route is water formation via elimination from 2,2-bioxirane. Suprising is the lack of the mono- or dialdehyde, the would-be products of the cleavage of the sterically more hindered C–O bonds – an acid-catalysed reaction typical for alkyl-substituted oxiranes.     

Degradation of the oxirane ring of epoxidized vegetable oils with solvated acetic acid using cation‐exchange resins

Vegetable oil epoxides (oxiranes) are customarily manufactured using acetic acid (AA) as oxygen carrier and reactant source, in aqueous/organic media. Further attack of the oxirane ring by AA proceeds in this acid‐catalyzed process, lowering yield. We report a study of the degradation of the ring by water‐solvated AA, using Amberlite IR‐120 as heterogeneous catalyst. The ring opening with solvated AA was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of epoxide groups and second order with respect to the carboxylic acid, with an activation energy of 58.7 ± 0.42 kJ mol^?1. This value is within the range found in liquid‐liquid systems (51.3–66.3 kJ mol^?1). Yet, using IR‐120, the degradation increases identically either by adding more mass of catalyst or by reducing its particle diameter while keeping the total mass constant, as both situations lead to higher external (exposed) area of the acidic catalyst (i.e., free protons associated to the sulfonic group) on the outer surface of the ion exchange resin beads. These free protons, in turn, become available to catalyze the attack on the oxirane groups of the long‐chain fatty acids, which cannot enter (diffuse) into the gel phase of the resin. Despite the unavoidable presence of surface‐exposed protons, the degradation can be reduced by several orders of magnitude – for similar process conditions – by using this type of heterogeneous catalysts instead of mineral acids.     

The kinetics of B‐a and P‐a type copolybenzoxazine via the ring opening process

The structure of benzoxazines is similar to that of phenolic resin through thermal self‐curing of the heterocyclic ring opening reaction that neither requires catalyst nor releases any condensation byproduct. These polybenzoxazine resins have several outstanding properties such as high thermal stability and high glass transition temperature. To better understand the curing kinetics of this copolybenzoxazine thermosetting resin, dynamic and isothermal differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed. Three models, the Kissinger method, the Flynn–Wall–Osawa method, and the Kamal method, were used to describe the curing process. Dynamic kinetic activation energies based on Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Osawa methods are 72.11 and 84.06 KJ/mol, respectively. The Kamal method based on an autocatalytic model results in a total order of reaction between 2.66 and 3.03, depending on curing temperature. Its activation energy and Arrhenius preexponential are 50.3 KJ/mol and 7959, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 730–737, 2005     

精密钢球环槽等速传动机构运动精度及可靠性分析

在分析精密钢球环槽等速传动机构结构基础上,利用其等效机构和误差分析理论,研究了钢球环槽等速传动机构结构参数对其机构传动精度的影响规律,应用机构可靠性理论,建立了钢球环槽等速传动机构的运动精度可靠性模型,并研究分析了机构的运动精度可靠性,研究结果为精密钢球行星传动的设计和应用提供了理论依据。     

撞击构造的特征及对贵州息烽县环形构造的成因解释

对行星的撞击构造特征进行了总结。地球上的撞击构造,一般通过地貌以及冲击变质产生的岩石和矿物来确认。对贵州省息烽县境内的疑似撞击构造的环形构造进行了比较研究,通过对已有地质资料的详细调研、实地仔细的勘测和采样以及对样品的岩相学分析,并未观察到冲击变质特征,因此认为此处环形构造并非撞击成因,而是古老的盆状向斜经历了多期的构造作用形成的涡旋构造。     

适用于宽带接收阵列的无模糊二维DOA估计

为了满足宽带侦收的要求,提出了一种新的基于环形阵列的宽带天线阵列配置方案,利用2组独立空间欠采样通道得到有模糊的信号空域信息,并结合一定的解模糊算法和配对方法得到无模糊的空间信号到达角(DOA)估计. 仿真结果表明,所提算法在搜索量小的优势下能实现二维方向角的高精度估计及正确配对,且2组通道的采样数据可并行处理,增强了算法的实时性.     

基于多项式拟合的CT图像环状伪影校正

探测器探元的响应不一致性会使CT图像中出现环状伪影,环状伪影是影响CT图像像质的重要因素,影响图像的分析及后续处理。为此提出一种基于分段多项式拟合的环状伪影校正方法,该方法适用于单材质或图像中的材质衰减系数相差不大的情况。采用分段多项式拟合正弦图累加曲线得到修正因子,用修正因子修正不一致的探元,最后重建图像。实验结果证明此方法能有效抑制图像正中间部分环状伪影。     

钢管混凝土梁柱节点受力性能有限元分析

采用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS,对深圳福田大型地下车站主体结构标准段的钢管混凝土柱顶-横纵梁、柱脚-底纵梁以及柱-地下1层梁等节点在梁端及柱端的弯矩、剪力和轴力等荷载作用下的力学性能进行模拟和分析.从钢管混凝土梁柱节点的受力状态出发,分析在梁端及柱端的弯矩、轴力和剪力等荷载作用下节点模型各组成构件(包括柱钢管、梁、加强环梁、承台、抗拔桩等部位)的主应力及切应力分布情况、变形情况和各个截面的内力分布情况等,与各个构件所对应的设计强度值进行对比分析,根据分析结果建议了更合理的节点结构设计与加固方案.