Effect of cathodic arc plasma treatment on the properties of WC–Co based hard metals

In this study, ion bombardment in a cathodic arc physical vapor deposition system was applied on WC–Co hard metal surfaces aiming to benefit from the diffusion acceleration effect, and to investigate the role of this effect on the surface composition, morphology and corrosion resistance of the materials. Chromium ions obtained via cathodic arc evaporation were accelerated under low (− 150 V) and high (− 1000 V) bias voltages in order to apply coating–bombardment cycles to sample surfaces. Substrate temperatures were measured by an optical pyrometer during the processes. The treated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Temperature measurements showed that the sample temperature could be controlled precisely by adjusting the bias voltage. Temperatures in the range of 750–1200 °C were measured during the treatment depending on the duration of the high bias voltage cycles. XRD analysis showed η phase formation in the near surface regions of all treated samples. The amount of the formed η phase was shown to be dependent on the heating–cooling regime that varied with the applied mode of bias. The corrosion behavior of the samples was investigated by immersing treated and untreated samples in a solution of 5% H₃PO₄ containing 1 g/l Zn^{+ 2} for 24 h at 50 °C. The samples were investigated via SEM observations after immersion. Cathodic arc plasma treated samples showed a better resistance to corrosion in this environment.     

铝/钛异种金属旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊特性

以1 mm厚6061铝合金与TC4钛合金板为试验材料,进行旁路分流MIG电弧熔钎焊工艺试验,得到均匀美观的焊缝成形.分别采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸试验机进行研究.结果表明,界面层上方金属间化合物以柱状晶形式存在,呈现短而密集的状态.界面层靠近钛侧易形成AlTi,而界面层靠近铝侧易形成Al₃Ti,TiSi₂等金属间化合物,由于焊接过程中熔池内部温度的变化不均,会使界面层中出现Al₁₁Ti₅过渡相.拉伸试验表明,接头最高抗剪强度达182.6 MPa,约为铝母材的97.6%,断裂发生在铝母材热影响区,断口出现一定量的颈缩.     

Vacuum brazing of TiAl-based intermetallics with Ti–Zr–Cu–Ni–Co amorphous alloy as filler metal

An amorphous Ti41.7–Zr26.7–Cu14.7–Ni13.8–Co3.1 (wt%) ribbon fabricated by melt spinning was used as filler to vacuum braze Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr (at%) intermetallics. The influences of brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and strength of the joints were investigated. It is found that intermetallic phases of Ti₃Al and γ-Ti₂Cu/Ti₂Ni form in the brazed joints. The tensile strength of the joint first increases and then decreases with the increase of the brazing temperature in the range of 900–1050 °C and the brazing time varying from 3 to 15 min. The maximum tensile strength at room temperature is 316 MPa when the joint is brazed at 950 °C for 5 min. Cleavage facets are widely observed on all of the fracture surfaces of the brazed joints. The fracture path varies with the brazing condition and cracks prefer to initiate at locations with relatively high content of γ-Ti₂Cu/Ti₂Ni phases and propagate through them.     

New filler metal systems for the brazing of titanium alloys

It’s well known welding takes the leading role in development of titanium structures. However, in number of cases technological processes of brazing are more appropriate and, sometimes, being the single possible, in particular, during production of multilayer thin-wall structures. It should be noted that brazing filler metals of Ti-Cu-Ni, Ti-Zr-Cu-Ni, Zr-Ti-Ni and Cu-Zr-Ti systems in a form of plastic foils, as well as in powder form are mainly used in world practice for brazing of titanium alloys. Present work provides the results of complex investigations of brazing filler metals of Ti-Zr-Fe, Ti-Zr-Mn and Ti-Zr-Co systems using differential thermal analysis, light and scanning microscopy, X-ray microspectrum analysis. Data on melting ranges of pilot alloys were obtained, and liquidus surfaces of given systems using simplex-lattice method were build. Brazing filler metals covering brazing temperature range of current structural titanium materials based on solid solutions as well as intermetallics were proposed. Structure, chemical inhomogeniety and strength characteristics of brazed joints were studied. It is determined that brazing of solid solution based alloys (OT4, VT6) using indicated brazing filler metals ensures strength characteristics of joints, which are not inferior to that obtained with application of known brazing filler metals even if they are received at lower brazing temperature.     

SUS321/5A06软钎焊接头界面组织特征

采用空气炉中软钎焊工艺获得了SUS321不锈钢/5A06铝合金异种金属钎焊接头,通过金相观察分析接头宏观形貌及界面组织特点,使用扫描电镜进行高倍组织观察及能谱分析,进一步阐述了钢/铝异种金属空气炉中软钎焊接头界面层结构,并分析了接头性能的薄弱环节。     

“双湿法”从汽车失效催化剂中回收铂族金属及有价金属

通过常规湿法浸出-预处理-再次湿法浸出的"双湿法"工艺,综合回收多种汽车失效催化剂(SAC)中的铂族金属(PGMs)及有价金属镧、铈和锆。采用X射线荧光法、分光光度法、ICP-AES法、扫描电镜及X射线衍射进行分析表征。结果表明,"双湿法"工艺可使铂、钯、铑的浸出率比常规湿法浸出分别提高了7%~30%、2%、18%~21%,PGMs的回收率大于95%,浸出渣率为30%~35%;镧、铈和锆同时得到有效回收,其中铈、锆的综合回收率大于92%。     

A simple polyol synthesis of silver metal nanopowder of uniform particles

Silver metal has been synthesized in form of a finely divided loose nanopowder, 10–30 nm particle sizes, using a simple polyol process. In hot water, polymer molecules of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) induce Ag⁺ → Ag reaction as a weak reducer (suitable to control the final particle size), forming a nanofluid of Ag nanoparticles in situ dispersing in part of PVA molecules. Ag nanoparticles do not aggregate much when casting a viscous Ag–PVA nanofluid (hot) onto a substrate in thin laminates or films. Freestanding Ag–PVA films could be obtained of 1–5 mm thickness after drying at room temperature. Dried sample can be easily peeled from a silicate glass substrate. As small as 5–10 mm Ag–PVA pieces were heated in air in order to recollect Ag nanoparticles by burning off the polymer. At 300–400 °C, Ag–PVA disintegrates and encounters combustion in air, resulting in a pure Ag-powder. As analyzed by X-ray diffraction, a single crystalline phase of an Fm3m cubic crystal structure formed. Lattice parameter a = 0.4071 nm and density ρ = 10.61 g/cm³ compare well the bulk values a = 0.4086 nm and ρ = 10.50 g/cm³.     

溶剂热结晶法制备纳米氧化铁的工艺研究

采用溶剂热结晶法制备工艺，以硫酸亚铁（FeSO4）为原料，聚乙二醇为溶剂，NH3H2O为沉淀剂，制备纳米氧化铁。然后利用XRD和SEM等分析手段，对样品进行表征，研究结果如下：当pH由6升高到10时，反应时间由90min可以缩短到30min，氧化铁的晶体形态从粒状逐渐向片状晶过渡，颜色加深：当反应温度由140℃升高到170℃时，反应时间由90min缩短到45min，晶体的平均粒度由50nm增加到800nm，均匀性降低，晶体形态由球晶向针状晶过渡，颜色逐渐变红。在本实验条件下，最佳的pH=7，最佳的水热温度为160℃，最佳的水热时间为60min。     

Leaching of complex sulphide concentrate in acidic cupric chloride solutions

The chemical analysis of a complex sulphide concentrate by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction shows that it contains essentially copper, lead, zinc and iron in the form of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. A small amount of pyrite is also present in the ore but does not be detected with X-ray diffraction. The cupric chloride leaching of the sulphide concentrate at various durations and solid/liquid ratios at 100 ℃ shows that the rate of dissolution of the ore is the fastest in the first several hours, and after 12 h it does not evolve significantly. If oxygen is excluded from the aqueous cupric chloride solution during the leaching experiment at 100 ℃, the pyrite in the ore will not be leached. The determination of principal dissolved metals in the leaching liquor by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the chemical analysis of solid residues by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction allow to conclude that the rate of dissolution of the minerals contained in the complex sulphide concentrate are in the order of galena 〉 sphalerite 〉 chalcopyrite.