The Grid Method for In‐plane Displacement and Strain Measurement: A Review and Analysis

The grid method is a technique suitable for the measurement of in‐plane displacement and strain components on specimens undergoing a small deformation. It relies on a regular marking of the surfaces under investigation. Various techniques are proposed in the literature to retrieve these sought quantities from images of regular markings, but recent advances show that techniques developed initially to process fringe patterns lead to the best results. The grid method features a good compromise between measurement resolution and spatial resolution, thus making it an efficient tool to characterise strain gradients. Another advantage of this technique is the ability to establish closed‐form expressions between its main metrological characteristics, thus enabling to predict them within certain limits. In this context, the objective of this paper is to give the state of the art in the grid method, the information being currently spread out in the literature. We propose first to recall various techniques that were used in the past to process grid images, to focus progressively on the one that is the most used in recent examples: the windowed Fourier transform. From a practical point of view, surfaces under investigation must be marked with grids, so the techniques available to mark specimens with grids are presented. Then we gather the information available in the recent literature to synthesise the connection between three important characteristics of full‐field measurement techniques: the spatial resolution, the measurement resolution and the measurement bias. Some practical information is then offered to help the readers who discover this technique to start using it. In particular, programmes used here to process the grid images are offered to the readers on a dedicated website. We finally present some recent examples available in the literature to highlight the effectiveness of the grid method for in‐plane displacement and strain measurement in real situations.     

Comparison of the identification performance of conventional FEM updating and integrated DIC

Full‐field identification methods are increasingly used to adequately identify constitutive parameters to describe the mechanical behavior of materials. This paper investigates the more recently introduced one‐step method of integrated digital image correlation (IDIC) with respect to the most commonly used two‐step method of finite element model updating (FEMU), which uses a subset‐based DIC algorithm. To make the comparison as objective as possible, both methods are implemented in the most equivalent manner and use the same FE model. Various virtual test cases are studied to assess the performance of both methods when subjected to different error sources: (1) systematic errors, (2) poor initial guesses for the constitutive parameters, (3) image noise, (4) constitutive model errors, and (5) experimental errors. Results show that, despite the mathematical similarity of both methods, IDIC produces less erroneous and more reliable results than FEMU, particularly for more challenging test cases exhibiting small displacements, complex kinematics, misalignment of the specimen, and image noise. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于13X沸石分子筛/MgCl_2的复合吸附剂性能实验研究

复合吸附剂的吸附性能是吸附制冷循环过程中的一个重要参数,基于测试整体成型复合吸附剂吸附性能的需要,本文设计搭建了一种整体成型吸附剂性能测试装置,对复合吸附剂MgCl_2-13X进行了吸附性能测试实验。结果表明:该实验装置中吸附床外侧底部的温度变化速率较接近吸附床内部底部吸附剂的温度变化速率,二者温度变化速率相差0.01~1.9℃/min,整个吸附和脱附过程二者温度的平均值相差约3.24%,能够满足吸附剂性能测试实验的要求。吸附剂性能测试实验及电镜下吸附剂的微观结构表明:浸泡法制备的复合吸附剂的吸附性能与MgCl_2溶液的浓度有关,MgCl_2能够改善13X沸石分子筛的吸附性能,本实验测得当MgCl_2溶液的浓度为15%时所制得复合吸附剂MX3性能最优,其最大吸附量为0.32 g/g,最大吸附速率0.59 g/min,相比单一吸附剂13X沸石分子筛提高了20%。     

金属薄膜屈服强度的鼓包法表征

本文采用鼓包法研究金属薄膜的屈服强度,对具有圆形自由窗口的镍薄膜一侧施加压力,薄膜受压变形的全场形貌用数字散斑相关法(DSCM)进行测量,并应用板壳理论分析小挠度变形下膜内应力分布情况。结果表明:圆形薄膜受压时首先从边缘开始屈服,从压力-挠度曲线偏离线性关系的临界点得到金属镍膜的屈服强度为467MPa,这和单轴拉伸法测量所得到的屈服强度值吻合较好。     

基于VR技术的虚拟博物馆交互设计

目的针对虚拟现实技术的特点,探讨沉浸式虚拟博物馆在展示过程中的交互设计。方法以虚拟现实理论为基础,归纳分析国内外的虚拟博物馆展示中交互设计的特征与原则,探索出新颖的、符合用户体验的沉浸式虚拟博物馆展示中的交互设计。结论虚拟交互设计改变了传统的理念,打破了时间与空间的束缚,提高了参观者的积极性,丰富了博物馆的展示形式,同时指出了多样性的交互设计将是未来沉浸式虚拟博物馆的发展方向,并对虚拟博物馆的推广起着至关重要的作用。     

混凝土养护期间HRB400钢筋钝化行为研究

为了研究HRB400钢筋在模拟养护阶段混凝土孔隙液中表面钝化膜的生长过程,采用3种电化学测试技术(开路电位、电化学阻抗谱、动电位极化曲线)研究钢筋表面钝化膜的性能随着浸泡时间的变化特征,此外通过XPS对稳定钝化膜的成分与结构进行分析。结果表明,同传统钢筋材料一样,HRB400钢筋在模拟混凝土养护条件的溶液中展现出良好的耐蚀性能,浸泡5 d后便能够生成稳定钝化膜。XPS分析发现钢筋钝化膜为双层结构,内层以二价铁离子化合物为主,外层主要由三价铁离子化合物组成。     

基于数字化设计制造协同的飞机计量保障体系架构探讨

在国家科技创新,数字化设计制造高速发展的背景下,先进的数字化制造与传统的"先制造后检测再校准"的计量保障模式的矛盾愈发突出。以几何参数的数字化计量保障能力为例,通过分析对比国内外航空数字化设计制造工程中的几何参数计量保障工作现状,提出在飞机全生命周期内要保证产品数字化制造的几何尺寸精度,应依据新的产品几何规范,从产品的数字模型定义出发,面向数字化设计制造协同的关键过程和关键参数的测量溯源性要求,研究架构新的数字化计量保障技术体系,并就体系架构展开探讨。     

磷炉停炉方法对比探讨

本文对四种停炉方法的利弊进行了分析。作重叙述了“满弧跳”停炉法,通过分析,认为满弧跳停炉法更具科学性和可靠性。     

全断面混凝土衬砌钢模台车的应用

羊湖电站引水隧洞总长５８８３ｍ,为φ２．５ｍ的圆形有压隧洞,全线采用钢筋混凝土衬砌。施工区空气稀薄,严重缺氧,气候寒冷。混凝土衬砌采用φ２．５ｍ全断面钢模台车进行,混凝土由洞外拌和系统拌和,有轨运输进洞,混凝土泵送入仓。全断面钢模台车由钢模、台车和外部支撑三部份组成,钢模的构成方式为“三铰两缝式”。本文介绍了羊湖水站引水隧洞混凝土衬砌中应用φ２．５ｍ全断面钢模台车的使用情况和施工方法。