Optimization of Hot Gas Chamber in High Temperature Reactor

The flow field in the hot gas chamber of the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGCR) was studied with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program CFX5. On the basis of the experimental studies, the velocity field, pressure field and temperature field in the hot gas chamber and hot gas duct were obtained, and the simulation's accuracy and reliability were validated by comparison with the results of previous experiments. Two other design schemes of the hot gas chamber were calculated in order to determine which hot gas chamber would be optimal for minimizing temperature differences at the inlet of the heat exchanging components. The results indicated that there was much highly turbulent twisting flow in the hot gas chamber, which was responsible for the excellent temperature mixing effect of the hot gas chamber. But the flow in the rib region was calm, and this fact hindered the heat transfer between the hot and cold gas. The temperature mixing coefficient increases with the increase of the hot gas duct's distance from the hot gas chamber. The hot gas chamber without ribs was more beneficial to the heat transfer between air flows with different temperatures, so the hot gas chamber without ribs was indicated as the optimal design.     

阳离子辣椒絮凝剂的制备与应用

以辣椒残渣，阳离子醚化剂，环氧丙基三甲基氯化胺为原料，通过干法合成了一种季胺型阳离子絮凝剂。采用正交实验方法，确定了制备的最佳工艺条件：辣椒与阳离子醚化剂物质的量比1：3，反应温度80℃，反应时间3h。实验用高岭土溶液模拟生活废水，加入自制絮凝剂检测凝剂性能，在此条件下合成的阳离子辣椒絮凝剂的除浊率是88％。     

45钢圆钢热顶锻开裂原因分析及改进措施

针对福建省三钢集团有限责任公司棒材厂45钢圆钢热顶锻出现的爆裂、斜向开裂、4角纵向通长开裂、纵向断续微裂4种开裂形式，从表面质量、组织、夹杂物、断口形貌等方面分析了其产生原因。结果表明，钢中存在粗大夹杂物是产生爆裂的主要原因；母材塑性不足是斜向开裂的主要原因；孔型设计不合理带来的皱褶缺陷引起了4角纵向通长开裂；除鳞不净，氧化铁皮压入导致了纵向断续微裂的产生。为此，提出了提高冶炼质量、改进化学成分、调整高压水除鳞工艺、优化孔型设计等措施，显著提高了其热顶锻合格率。     

基于ECMWF和WRF的嘉陵江流域面雨量预报精度评估

将降雨数值预报产品运用到水文预报中已经逐渐成为提高洪水作业预报的预见期的重要手段。为充分了解ECMWF(European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts)和WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)2种数值天气预报产品对嘉陵江研究区面雨量预报的预报精度和误差分布,且为增强洪水预报精度的稳健性提供科学支持,采用TS评分、空报率、漏报率、正确率等指标,对嘉陵江地区7个气象分区内的2016年汛期面雨量预报结果进行了检验,分析了不同分区内各检验指标与预报时效的关系。结果表明:ECMWF数值预报产品和WRF数值预报产品均可用于该地区晴雨预报,且2种产品的预报精度随降水等级的增大呈增大趋势,随预报时效的增加呈减小趋势。综合而言,ECMWF数值预报产品对嘉陵江研究区的预报效果更好。     

Research on the hot surface ignition of hydrogen‐air mixture under different influencing factors

To further reveal the pre‐ignition characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine, the effect of hot surface characteristic parameters on the ignition characteristics of hydrogen‐air mixture was investigated in this research. Based on the prototype of the constant volume combustion bomb with an overhead glow plug, the duration from the heating of the hot surface to the combustion of hydrogen‐air mixture, the so‐called heating duration, was firstly researched under different fuel‐air equivalence ratio, initial temperature, initial pressure, hot surface temperature, and hot surface area, and the influence of each factor on the heating duration was analyzed. The results show that the order of the effect of each factor on the hot surface ignition is as follows: hot surface temperature > initial pressure of hydrogen‐air mixture > equivalent ratio > initial temperature of hydrogen‐air mixture > hot surface area. The influence of the hot surface characteristic parameters on the heating duration was further analyzed in detail. On this basis, the relationship among the critical ignition temperature, the heating duration and the hot surface area was researched and established. The results show that the heating duration is the only major factor affecting the critical ignition temperature. Finally, the research results were applied to analysis the pre‐ignition in hydrogen internal combustion engine.     

Dairy farmers with larger herd sizes adopt more precision dairy technologies

An increase in the average herd size on Australian dairy farms has also increased the labor and animal management pressure on farmers, thus potentially encouraging the adoption of precision technologies for enhanced management control. A survey was undertaken in 2015 in Australia to identify the relationship between herd size, current precision technology adoption, and perception of the future of precision technologies. Additionally, differences between farmers and service providers in relation to perception of future precision technology adoption were also investigated. Responses from 199 dairy farmers, and 102 service providers, were collected between May and August 2015 via an anonymous Internet-based questionnaire. Of the 199 dairy farmer responses, 10.4% corresponded to farms that had fewer than 150 cows, 37.7% had 151 to 300 cows, 35.5% had 301 to 500 cows; 6.0% had 501 to 700 cows, and 10.4% had more than 701 cows. The results showed that farmers with more than 500 cows adopted between 2 and 5 times more specific precision technologies, such as automatic cup removers, automatic milk plant wash systems, electronic cow identification systems and herd management software, when compared with smaller farms. Only minor differences were detected in perception of the future of precision technologies between either herd size or farmers and service providers. In particular, service providers expected a higher adoption of automatic milking and walk over weighing systems than farmers. Currently, the adoption of precision technology has mostly been of the type that reduces labor needs; however, respondents indicated that by 2025 adoption of data capturing technology for monitoring farm system parameters would be increased.     

A novel hot aerosol extinguishing agent with high efficiency for Class B fires

A novel hot aerosol extinguishing agent (HAEA), which is the combination of pyrotechnics and flame retardant technology, was found to have great efficiency in extinguishing Class B fires. A mixture of P and P₃N₅, referred to as P90x, was chosen as the reductant, and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate was chosen as the oxidant. This paper describes a study of the effectiveness of this agent in extinguishing n‐heptane fires (ie, Class B fires). We determined that the best efficiency was 15 g/m³ for extinguishing n‐heptane fires, four times more efficient than a traditional agent. The efficiency increases as the mass fraction of P90x rises. We also identified the key difference between the novel extinguishing agent and the traditional agent. The former consists of an inorganic phosphorus compound, while the latter is mainly comprised of KOH. Consequently, their extinguishing mechanisms are different. The phosphorus oxide of the novel HAEAs is the leading component to extinguish fire, which is more effective than alkali salts.     

基于神经网络的模锻压机载荷在线预测模型

由于模锻过程具有强时变性和非线性,因此精确控制模锻压机载荷预测至关重要。以7075铝合金模锻过程为例,提出了一种基于神经网络的模锻压机载荷在线建模方法。基于商业软件Deform-3D模拟了恒温恒速度工况下的载荷变化规律,根据获取的数据建立了初始神经网络模型。在实际模锻实验过程中,通过反向传播算法不断修正初始神经网络权值矩阵,以实现模型的在线更新。在50 t模锻实验台上进行实验,以验证所提方法的有效性。实验结果表明:所提出的在线建模方法可以准确预测复杂模锻工况下载荷的变化,与传统离线神经网络建模方法相比,其预测值更加准确,更能满足实际工程需求。     

热风干燥温度对丹东板栗感官品质的影响

目的 研究了不同干燥温度对带壳丹东板栗干燥速率、含水率变化、板栗成品的组织状态、色泽以及口感的影响。方法 样品板栗分别进行在40、45、50 ℃以及变温条件下的热风干燥实验。温度数据采集利用T型热电偶，通过计算机控制安捷伦数据采集仪来记录。干燥后的板栗去壳、去红衣，记录板栗仁的颜色变化、内部形态变化以及口感变化。结果 丹东板栗40℃干燥条件下的干燥成品质量好，口感佳，但效率低，45℃条件下的干燥速率较高，但是成品内部发生了皱缩，50℃条件下的干燥速率最高，但不仅成品内部发生了皱缩，表皮颜色也呈褐色，而变温干燥的干燥质量良好且干燥速率高。结论 变温干燥可以解决板栗在干燥过程中不同阶段对温度的敏感程度不一样带来的影响，因此相当对传统的单一温度干燥，变温干燥更有研究前景。