Relative importance,specific investment and ownership in interorganizational systems

Implementation and maintenance of interorganizational systems (IOS) require investments by all the participating firms. Compared with intraorganizational systems, however, there are additional uncertainties and risks. This is because the benefits of IOS investment depend not only on a firm’s own decisions, but also on those of its business partners. Without appropriate levels of investment by all the firms participating in an IOS, they cannot reap the full benefits. Drawing upon the literature in institutional economics, we examine IOS ownership as a means to induce value-maximizing noncontractible investments. We model the impact of two factors derived from the theory of incomplete contracts and transaction cost economics: relative importance of investments and specificity of investments. We apply the model to a vendor-managed inventory system (VMI) in a supply chain setting. We show that when the specificity of investments is high, this is a more critical determinant of optimal ownership structure than the relative importance of investments. As technologies used in IOS become increasingly redeployable and reusable, and less specific, the relative importance of investments becomes a dominant factor. We also show that the bargaining mechanism—or the agreed upon approach to splitting the incremental payoffs—that is used affects the relationship between these factors in determining the optimal ownership structure of an IOS.

基于信息融合技术的瓦斯传感器故障诊断研究

文章提出了将基于RBF网络的信息融合技术应用于瓦斯传感器故障诊断的思想。该思想的核心是通过对影响测点瓦斯浓度的各种相关信息融合,利用高精度RBF网络逼近器的输出与瓦斯传感器实际的输出之差与设定的阈值比较,实现瓦斯传感器故障的监测诊断。试验表明该技术能对瓦斯传感器进行有效的状态监测和故障诊断。     

实时信息系统的虚拟分层设计方案

本文借助软件系统分层设计的思想,提出了虚拟层的概念,并给出了一个实时信息系统虚拟分层设计方案,这为实际应用中各种规模的系列系统提供了一个组态灵活的开发方法。实践证明,这个方案取得了很好的效果,并具有很强的灵活性。     

面向企业的运输销售管理信息系统设计

以石油企业运输销售经营管理为背景,对运输销售管理信息系统进行了研究.以软件工程为指导,运用先进的设计方法与结构分析,并结合数据库的特点给出了运输销售管理信息系统具体的设计方案.     

Using Similarity Analyses to Scale Out Research Findings Across Andean Watershed Basins

Abstract

Strategic research in agriculture and natural resources carried out by international research centers is deemed a public good and should, sooner or later, be put into the hands of development, governmental and non-governmental organizations. However, this research is usually done at specific pilot sites; there is a greater need to know how representative those sites are in relation to the diversity of contexts in other locations. Such is the case with the Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF), a global initiative in water research promoted by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), which is developing and implementing strategic research in nine basins located in the tropics of Africa, Asia and South America. Given that resources are not available to collect data from the whole of the region, pilot sites are needed. It is hoped that research outputs obtained in the selected pilot sites can be the basis for scaling out solutions to similar situations in neighbouring or adjacent areas in same or different basins.

In order to contribute to the scaling-out process, different classification methodologies were applied to determine how specific watershed basins are representative of larger areas. The Andean eco-region served as a case study but the methods can easily be applied in other regions. The spatial diversity of biophysical and social conditions across the Andes requires careful site selection. Two methods, a combination of Weight of Evidence (WofE) and Logistic Regression (LR) methods and Fast Cluster analysis, were used to determine the similarity of selected sites with those excluded. A 1-km study resolution covering most of the Andes eco-region included annual rainfall, elevation, length of growing period, land cover, roads and population density as the key variables. Results showed complementarities between the two methods in presenting a probability surface of similarity across the Andes and a clustering of similar sites inside and outside the pilot basins. The output information forms a strong basis for devising plans to scale out research findings from the pilot basins to the whole region.     

建设项目设计阶段投资控制系统的建立与分析

针对建设设计阶段独立使用价值工程、优化设计和限额设计等方法进行投资控制的局限性,借鉴系统论、控制论、信息论等思想和方法,建立了设计阶段投资控制系统。系统主要由探测元件、控制元件和执行元件组成,探测元件进行设计阶段的信息收集;控制元件通过审核将各项投资控制活动与投资控制目标进行对比,提出应对策略;执行元件完成应对策略。通过投资控制系统的执行,实现对设计阶段各项活动的全面系统控制,从管理层面上解决设计阶段投资控制活动割裂问题,进而改善设计阶段整体投资控制效果。     

基于改进期望最大化算法的分布式视频编码

目前,分布式视频编码（DVC）由于具有低复杂编码特性而成为视频编码领域的研究热点。DVC中,边信息性能对系统性能影响很大,一般而言,边信息性能越好,则整个系统压缩性能越好。本文研究了一种基于贝叶斯准则的期望最大化（Expectation Maximization,EM）边信息产生方法,并从运动搜索模板和初始概率模型两方面对EM算法提出了改进。实验表明,在几乎相同的率失真性能下,两种改进算法的学习时间分别缩短了30%和16%。     

Denotation and connotation in the human – computer interface: The ‘Save as …’ command

This paper presents a semiotic technique as a means of exploring meaning and understanding in interface design and use. This is examined through a study of the interaction between the ‘file’ metaphor and ‘save as’ command metaphor. The behaviour of these (from a functional or computational basis) do not exactly match, or map onto, the meaning of the metaphor. We examine both the denotation of a term to the user, i.e. its literal meaning to that person, and the term's connotations, i.e. any other meanings associated with the term. We suggest that the technique applied is useful in predicting future problems with understanding the use of metaphor at the interface and with designing appropriate signification for human-computer interaction. Variation in connotation was expected but a more fundamental difference in denotation was also uncovered. Moreover, the results clearly demonstrate that consistency in the denotation of a term is critical in achieving a good user understanding of the command.     

日语中的语用含糊现象及语用功能

通过对日语中语用含糊现象的介绍,总结了语用含糊现象的四大语用功能,即增强话语理解的语境依赖性,扩大话语的解释范围,加大表达方式与概念之间的距离,以及语用含糊现象的幽默功能。对日语的含蓄、暧昧、模糊表达从语用学角度予以论述。     

建筑类院校电气信息类专业教学管理工作探析

本文以电气信息类专业为例,阐述了高校院（系）教学管理工作的性质与功能,提出采用环节控制方法解决教学管理工作中存在的问题.该方法具有一定的可行性和可操作性,为院（系）教学管理工作提供借鉴.