Detection of quantitative trait loci in Danish Holstein cattle affecting clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, udder conformation traits, and assessment of associated effects on milk yield

The aim of this study was to 1) detect QTL across the cattle genome that influence the incidence of clinical mastitis and somatic cell score (SCS) in Danish Holsteins, and 2) characterize these QTL for pleiotropy versus multiple linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) when chromosomal regions affecting clinical mastitis were also affecting other traits in the Danish udder health index or milk production traits. The chromosomes were scanned using a granddaughter design where markers were typed for 19 to 34 grandsire families and 1,373 to 2,042 sons. A total of 356 microsatellites covering all 29 autosomes were used in the scan. Among the across-family regression analyses, 16 showed chromosome-wide significance for the primary traits incidence of clinical mastitis in first (CM1), second (CM2), and third (CM3) lactations, and SCS. Regions of chromosomes 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, and 26 were found to affect CM and regions of chromosomes 5, 6, 8, 13, 22, 23, 24, and 25 affected SCS. Markers on chromosomes 6, 11, 15, and 26 can be used to perform marker-assisted selection on CM without a direct negative selection on milk yield, because no effects were detected on the milk traits. Comparing multi-trait models assuming either a pleiotropic QTL affecting 2 traits or 2 QTL each affecting 1 trait gave some evidence to distinguish between these models. For Bos taurus autosome 5, the most likely models were a pleiotropic QTL affecting CM2, CM3, and SCS, and a linked QTL affecting fat yield index. For Bos taurus autosome 9, the most likely model is a pleiotropic QTL affecting CM1 and CM2 at approximately 8 cM.     

摆线发生机构的轨迹替代机构

具有摆线轨迹基础机构的齿轮五杆组合机构由于具有优良的传动性能和间歇性能，在生产中得到广泛应用。本文着重介绍了摆线发生机构的轨迹替代机构求解方法及其证明，并在此文中进一步阐明了其间的规律，具有实用意义。     

一种双焦点曲面的测量用转动架的设计原理

介绍了转动架驱动头盔面窗进行多个光学性能参数测量时 ,能使固定的测量光束在透射头盔面窗上的任何点通过其两个焦点 ,实现正确的测量。关键在于这种双焦点曲面的几何特性和转动架的独特设计     

Analysis of constant-volume shear tests based on precise measurement of stresses in powder beds

This study demonstrates a new constant-volume shear test configuration to analyze the stresses in powder beds and evaluate powder flowability. A novel cylindrical shear cell geometry and load cell arrangement allowed precise measurement of the normal stress acting on the shear planes of the powder beds. The stress transmission ratio between the top and shear planes decreased with increasing ratio of the powder bed height in the upper section of the shear cell to the shear cell diameter. This was due to friction between the powder bed and the side wall of the upper section of the shear cell. Using the measured values of the normal stress on the shear planes, the effects of the powder bed height and shear cell diameter were eliminated from the data. In addition, to evaluate the shear properties of the powder beds, the powder yield locus, consolidation yield locus, critical state line, shear cohesion, and void fraction were obtained from a single shear test. The powder yield locus data were used to obtain flow functions.     

Shear properties and water connectivity of wet granules at high solid content concentration

The inner liquid distribution in wet granules strongly influences their mechanical properties. In this study, we examined the shear properties (internal friction angle, cohesion, storage modulus and loss modulus) of wet granules composed of graphite particles and water, and determined their inner water connectivity using X-ray refraction contrast imaging computed tomography (CT) to elucidate their correlation. At high solid content concentration (C_SC) region (C_SC = 85 wt.%), internal friction angle of wet granules was slightly lower than that of wet granules with lower C_SC, and their cohesion becomes almost zero. Furthermore, storage modulus of wet granules at C_SC = 85 wt.% was the highest among all wet granules. The X-ray CT and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that the water connectivity in the wet granules was in the pendular state and graphite particles fractured under shear test at C_SC = 85 wt.%. From these results, it can be concluded that lower shear cohesion at C_SC = 85 wt.% is caused by an increase in the number of isolated liquid bridges, and particle fracture results in a decrease in the internal friction angle owing to decreasing roughness of shear plane. Furthermore, the particle fracture also resulted in the higher storage modulus at C_SC = 85 wt.% in rheological measurements.     

融合认知心理学理论的新型教与学优化算法及应用

针对教与学优化算法(teaching-learning-based optimization, TLBO)寻优精度低、易陷入局部最优的问题,提出了一种融合认知心理学理论的新型教与学优化算法(cognitive psychology teaching-learning-based optimization, CPTLBO)。在教阶段融入登门槛效应理论,对于学习有困难的学生设置阶段性学习目标,从而提高学生的整体水平;在学阶段加入老师引导机制,提高算法收敛速度;随后,加入自我调整阶段,学生根据心理控制源理论可被分为内控型和外控型,不同类型的学生对自身成绩采取不同的归因方式并采取相应措施。利用经典的基准测试函数对CPTLBO进行测验,结果表明改进算法在寻优精度和收敛速度方面具有优势。构建CPTLBO-ELM自来水供水量预测模型,采用CPTLBO算法优化极端学习机的输入权值和隐含层阈值参数,以提高模型的预测精度和泛化能力。仿真结果表明:用CPTLBO算法优化后的模型预测结果更准确。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹曲线的一种生成算法

提出一种自由曲面数控加工轨迹曲线计算方法。根据这一方法,可由自由曲面上一定数量的任意分布型值点来 计算曲面加工时的刀具曲线。算法的基本思想是,型值点影响并决定着其控制区域内的曲面形状,这种影响的大小与到 型值点的距离及权指数相关。分别给出了沿X向进给及Y向进给时刀具轨迹曲线的生成算法。讨论了算法中参数选取 对加工曲面形状及拟合精度的影响。     

基于线性自抗扰技术的SMES储能变流器控制策略

储能系统作为微电网中不可或缺的重要组成部分,对保证微电网的稳定运行和提高微电网电能质量具有重要作用。提出一种基于线性自抗扰控制(linear active disturbance rejection control,LADRC)的超导磁储能系统(superconducting magnetic storage system,SMES)储能变流器控制策略,利用LADRC能够估计并补偿系统扰动,可有效改善储能系统输出电能质量和提高系统鲁棒性。通过对LADRC和比例积分(proportional integral,PI)控制系统进行频率响应特性分析可知,一阶LADRC的反馈补偿器可以等效为一个PI控制器串联一个一阶低通滤波器,能有效抑制系统高频噪声;同时使用根轨迹法分析了LADRC控制系统的稳定性和鲁棒性。MATLAB仿真结果表明,基于LADRC的SMES储能变流器控制策略具有响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰能力强等优点,其控制效果和鲁棒性均优于传统PI控制器。     

超高速水下航行器纵向运动稳定性分析

为了进一步研究超高速航行器空化减阻问题,建立了空化状态下超高速水下航行器纵向运动数学模型,对该航行器在巡航段平衡状态下受扰动时的攻角和俯仰角速度的阶跃响应进行了分析,并通过根轨迹法分析了运动的稳定性。分析结果表明,通过给定平衡攻角和平衡舵角,航行器能够呈现一定的静稳定性,该特性有利于以直航弹道为主的超高速水下航行器保持超空泡稳定。     

二次非球面光学零件的轨迹成形法加工新技术

主要论述轨迹成形法加工非球面光学零件新原理的基本思想、成形原理、机床的基本结构以及与数控加工比效率高成本低的优点。