利用制革废弃猪毛提取角蛋白

用尿素/焦亚硫酸钠还原体系降解制革废弃猪毛制备角蛋白,优化的降解条件为:pH=6.5,焦亚硫酸钠浓度1.0 mol/L、尿素浓度14 mol/L、十二烷基硫酸钠浓度0.2 mol/L,时间8 h,降解率达55%～60%。利用红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TGA)以及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对降解产物进行分析,结果表明,其具有与原猪毛类似的结构特征和热性能,二级结构得以保持,相对分子质量(简称分子量,下同)分布于13 000～15 000、45 000～50 000和52 000～55 000 3个谱带。巯基含量分析结果表明,角蛋白中约38.9%的硫原子以自由巯基的形式存在,含量丰富的巯基适于作为化学改性反应活性点。     

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Decreases Athero-Susceptibility in Lipoproteins and the Aorta of Guinea Pigs Fed High Fat Diet

Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (COT), a traditional Chinese herb, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we examined the protective effect of COT on the initiation of atherosclerosis induced by high fat diet and explored the underlying mechanisms. We established guinea pig models of hyperlipidemia and treated them with three dosages of COT or 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin (a positive control drug) for 8 weeks. Plasma lipid analysis indicated that COT decreased total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level. The analysis of the hepatic gene involving cholesterol metabolism by quantitative real-time PCR revealed that COT upregulated the mRNA abundance of LDL receptor (LDL-R), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1) and the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Oil red O staining showed COT significantly reduced lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Moreover, ELISA assay revealed COT lowered the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma. Meanwhile, the level of Nitric oxide (NO) in plasma was increased by COT. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed the expression of CD68 and active NF-kB p65 proteins in the arterial wall was decreased by COT. The content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma were determined and the data indicated COT suppressed oxidative stress reaction. These results reveal that administration of COT decreases athero-susceptibility through lowering plasma lipid, attenuating inflammation, and suppressing oxidative stress in guinea pig fed high fat diet.     

酸改性猪粪生物炭的制备及其对直接红23染料的吸附性能

以直接红23染料(DR23)溶液模拟印染废水,对比分析了酸改性前后猪粪生物炭对DR23的吸附特性与机理。通过静态吸附实验考察了DR23溶液的pH、初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附温度、吸附剂添加量等条件对吸附效果的影响,并确定了该吸附过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线。研究发现,相比于未改性生物炭(PMB),酸改性后生物炭(PMB_acid)结构变得疏松多孔,表面官能团丰富,表现出更优的脱色性能,对DR23的吸附去除率最高可达96.10%,最大饱和吸附量为111.51mg/g,且在经过3次循环再生后,PMB_acid对DR23的去除率仍可达到88.31%;此外,pH对PMB_acid的脱色吸附性能影响较小。PMB_acid对DR23的吸附是一个受反应速率和扩散控制的复杂过程,符合于伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;PMB_acid对DR23的吸附机理取决于吸附剂的物理化学性质,其孔结构及各官能团通过不同的机制参与了生物炭对DR23的吸附过程。     

Long-Term Changes in Ovarian Follicles of Gilts Exposed Neonatally to Methoxychlor: Effects on Oocyte-Derived Factors,Anti-Müllerian Hormone,Follicle-Stimulating Hormone,and Cognate Receptors

In this paper, we investigated the effects of neonatal exposure to methoxychlor (MXC), a synthetic organochlorine used as an insecticide with estrogenic, antiestrogenic, and antiandrogenic activities on ovarian follicles of adult pigs. Piglets were injected with MXC (20 μg/kg body weight) or corn oil (controls) from postnatal Day 1 to Day 10 (n = 5 per group). Then, mRNA expression, protein abundance and immunolocalization of growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and cognate receptors (ACVR1, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, TGFBR1, BMPR2, and AMHR2), as well as FSH receptor (FSHR) were examined in preantral and small antral ovarian follicles of sexually mature gilts. The plasma AMH and FSH levels were also assessed. In preantral follicles, neonatal exposure to MXC increased GDF9, BMPR1B, TGFBR1, and BMPR2 mRNAs, while the levels of AMH and BMP15 mRNAs decreased. In addition, MXC also decreased BMP15 and BMPR1B protein abundance. Regarding small antral follicles, neonatal exposure to MXC upregulated mRNAs for BMPR1B, BMPR2, and AMHR2 and downregulated mRNAs for AMH, BMPR1A, and FSHR. MXC decreased the protein abundance of AMH, and all examined receptors in small antral follicles. GDF9 and BMP15 were immunolocalized in oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles of control and treated ovaries. All analyzed receptors were detected in the oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles, and in the granulosa and theca cells of small antral follicles. The exception, however, was FSHR, which was detected only in the granulosa cells of small antral follicles. In addition, MXC decreased the plasma AMH and FSH concentrations. In conclusion, the present study may indicate long-term effects of neonatal MXC exposure on GDF9, BMP15, AMH, and FSH signaling in ovaries of adult pigs. However, the MXC effects varied at different stages of follicular development. It seems that neonatal MXC exposure may result in accelerated initial recruitment of ovarian follicles and impaired cyclic recruitment of antral follicles.     

我国高纯生铁的生产和应用情况

介绍了当今铸铁件的发展趋势及对其性能的要求,认为生产优质铸件的基础条件是采用高纯生铁。详细阐述了我国高纯生铁的生产历程和生产方法,对比国内外高纯生铁的指标数据,指出我国高纯生铁生产技术已经成熟,可媲美国外同类产品。     

One-Step Generation of Multiple Gene-Edited Pigs by Electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 System into Zygotes to Reduce Xenoantigen Biosynthesis

Xenoantigens cause hyperacute rejection and limit the success of interspecific xenografts. Therefore, genes involved in xenoantigen biosynthesis, such as GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2, are key targets to improve the outcomes of xenotransplantation. In this study, we introduced a CRISPR/Cas9 system simultaneously targeting GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 into in vitro-fertilized zygotes using electroporation for the one-step generation of multiple gene-edited pigs without xenoantigens. First, we optimized the combination of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting GGTA1 and CMAH with respect to gene editing efficiency in zygotes, and transferred electroporated embryos with the optimized gRNAs and Cas9 into recipient gilts. Next, we optimized the Cas9 protein concentration with respect to the gene editing efficiency when GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 were targeted simultaneously, and generated gene-edited pigs using the optimized conditions. We achieved the one-step generation of GGTA1/CMAH double-edited pigs and GGTA1/CMAH/B4GALNT2 triple-edited pigs. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated the downregulation of xenoantigens; however, these multiple gene-edited pigs were genetic mosaics that failed to knock out some xenoantigens. Although mosaicism should be resolved, the electroporation technique could become a primary method for the one-step generation of multiple gene modifications in pigs aimed at improving pig-to-human xenotransplantation.     

用大田生铁生产QT450-10铸态铁素体球铁

在生产QT500－5球铁的基础上，对大田生铁的特性以及造成力学性能与基体组织异常的原因进行了一系列的分析探讨。通过采取大孕育量，强化后期孕育以及提高稀土含量等工艺措施，有效地抵消了大田生铁中的微量元素的干扰作用。     

基于局部振动测试的约束子结构模型修正方法

针对大型复杂结构模型修正中待识别参数过多、修正效率低等问题,提出一种基于局部振动测试的约束子结构模型修正方法。首先,利用子结构部分的振动测试响应构造约束子结构,从而将子结构从整体结构中隔离出来,形成独立简单的结构,有效地隔绝整体结构对子结构的影响。然后,基于构造的约束子结构响应数据,直接对待修正的目标子结构进行模型修正。最后,以一个T形钢管焊接结构和某发射台骨架为例,对所提方法的有效性进行了验证分析。结果表明,该方法不仅能够减少待识别参数,简化修正过程,而且修正效率及精度也较高,为大型复杂结构的模型修正提供了一种新思路。     

基于汉语声母韵母发音模型的语音识别

每个汉字的发音都是由声母、韵母两部分构成的，声母部分发音时音短，信号变化剧烈；而韵母部分发音时间长、信号相对比较平稳。传统的孤立字识别方案是以线性预测系数作为语音模型系数，用动态时间弯折算法进行模式匹配，但它不完全适用于汉语的单音节识别。本文中利用语音信号相邻帧间LPC距离的变化进行声母、韵母分割，并根据声母、韵母的不同特性分别建立模式，提高了声母部分在整个音节模式中的比重，同时大幅度降低了模式的数据量，实验结果表明，汉语单音节的识别速度较传统的PLC/DTW算法提高一倍以上，识别正确率达到95%。