生物模板法合成锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

锂离子电池是一类极具潜力的新型二次化学储能器件,被广泛应用于便携式电子设备、电动交通工具和智能电网等领域。高性能电极材料的设计和合成是获得高能量密度、长循环寿命、高安全性锂离子电池的关键。文章针对锂离子电池电极材料存在制备工艺复杂、结构难以控制、活性物质利用率低、循环稳定性和倍率性能差等问题,从生物资源高效利用角度出发,结合生物材料尺寸均匀、形态多变、结构精密、环境友好等优点,综述了生物模板法合成锂离子电池电极材料的研究进展,并对该领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

温度对燃烧包覆LiMn2O4/ZnO及其电性能的影响

通过葡萄糖辅助低温燃烧制备ZnO包覆型LiMn2O4,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、循环伏安、交流阻抗以及恒流充放电测试等手段,研究了温度对产物晶体结构、微观形貌及电化学性能的影响。XRD结果表明所有产物均为单相尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构。SEM结果表明产物的颗粒尺寸随温度的升高而增大。电化学性能测试表明400℃和500℃制备的LiMn2O4/ZnO具有相对优异的电化学性能,室温1C条件下首次放电比容量分别为119.3mAh/g、116.3mAh/g,循环100次后容量保持率分别85.6%、87.8%。尖晶石LiMn2O4电极的阻抗谱特征与温度有关,电池的电化学性能主要受电荷转移电阻(Rct)影响。     

K_2CO_3添加对提高Si/C负极电化学性能的作用

本文研究了Si/C锂离子电池负极材料中K_2CO_3的添加对提高电极电化学性能的作用及其作用机理。采用恒流充放电测试和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了不同K_2CO_3添加量对Si/C负极电化学性能的影响;通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法分析了K_2CO_3添加对Si/C负极在循环过程中结构和成分变化的影响。研究结果表明,加入K_2CO_3后,由于电极在循环过程中结构稳定性增强以及电极的固体电解质界面(SEI)膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗减少,使Si/C负极的循环稳定性和倍率性能得到明显提高。     

预歧化处理的高性能锂离子电池SiO/C负极材料

以SiO和蔗糖为原料,SiO经高温歧化反应处理后,通过机械球磨、喷雾干燥、高温热解工艺制备出具有优异电化学性能的锂离子电池SiO/C负极材料。经XRD、FTIR、XPS、SEM、TEM结构分析表明,歧化反应处理的片状SiO包含非晶态SiO和纳米晶相Si、SiO_2,蔗糖热解形成的无定形碳包覆在细片状SiO的表面,组成球形SiO/C颗粒。电化学测试结果表明,预歧化处理的SiO/C复合材料的首次放电容量为1 314.6mAh/g,首次库伦效率达到71%;100周循环后的放电容量为851.2mAh/g,容量保持率达到78.5%,循环稳定性远高于未经歧化处理的SiO/C复合材料。电化学性能的提高归因于SiO预歧化反应及热解碳包覆。     

水热法以磷铁制备电池级磷酸铁的研究

采用水热法,以磷铁、磷酸、硝酸为原料制备电池级磷酸铁,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、XRD、红外光谱(FTIR)、TG-DSC以及电化学测试等手段,表征产品的形貌、晶体结构、分子结构和电化学性能,研究了反应过程中硝酸浓度、反应温度、时间及体系浓度对产品性能的影响。实验结果表明:以磷铁为原料,用水热法在一定实验条件下制备的FePO_4·2H_2O产品为正磷酸铁,且产品中含有多种微量金属元素,这有效利用了磷铁中的微量元素,改善了磷酸铁及后续制备的磷酸铁锂的电化学性能。以此为原料通过高温固相法合成的LiFePO_4/C的首次放电容量为148.9mAh/g,具有良好的电化学性能。     

用于锂离子电池的石墨烯及其复合负极材料的研究进展

石墨烯复合材料因具有高比表面积、高比容量、优异的导电性、显著的化学稳定性,在锂离子电池领域具有巨大的应用前景。在负极复合材料中,石墨烯不仅可以形成导电网络提升复合材料的导电性能,而且还可以缓冲材料在充放电过程中的体积效应,提高了材料的倍率性能和循环寿命,为设计大容量高稳定性的锂离子电池提供了理论保证。因此制备不同组成和结构的石墨烯复合材料是一个非常有价值的课题。对近年来国内外运用不同方法制备不同组成和结构的石墨烯复合材料的研究结果做了综合评述和展望。     

LiNi0.8 Co0.15 A10.05 O2正极材料的表面包覆改性研究

LiNi_0.8 Co_0.15 A1_0.05 O₂正极材料具有容量高、价格低等优点,被认为是最具发展前景的锂离子电池正极材料之一.但LiNi 0.8Co 0.15A1 0.05O₂材料本身存在充放电过程中容量衰减较快、倍率性能差和储存性能差等缺陷,影响了其进一步发展.本文以 LiNi 0.8Co 0.15A1 0.05O₂为研究对象,采用共沉淀法制备氢氧化物前驱体,在前驱体的表面包覆一层Ni 1/3Co 1/3 Mn 1/3(OH)₂,制备成具有核壳结构的正极材料.通过XRD、SEM、EDX、电化学测试等分析手段,系统地研究了其结构、形貌以及电化学性能.分析表明:包覆改性后,LiNi 0.8Co 0.15Al 0.05O₂正极材料在0.1、0.2、0.5、1 C倍率下,材料的首次充放电比容量分别为167.6,160.1,0.4,8.5 mAhg -1.由0.1到1 C,包覆改性前后的正极材料的放电比容量衰减量由34.7 mAhg -1降为29.1 mAhg -1,容量衰减百分比由22.1%降低到17.4%.综合性能分析认为,包覆改性后电化学性能有一定的改善.     

Nanostructured Li3V2(PO4)3 Cathodes

To further increase the energy and power densities of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), monoclinic Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ attracts much attention. However, the intrinsic low electrical conductivity (2.4 × 10^?7 S cm^?1) and sluggish kinetics become major drawbacks that keep Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ away from meeting its full potential in high rate performance. Recently, significant breakthroughs in electrochemical performance (e.g., rate capability and cycling stability) have been achieved by utilizing advanced nanotechnologies. The nanostructured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ hybrid cathodes not only improve the electrical conductivity, but also provide high electrode/electrolyte contact interfaces, favorable electron and Li⁺ transport properties, and good accommodation of strain upon Li⁺ insertion/extraction. In this Review, light is shed on recent developments in the application of 0D (nanoparticles), 1D (nanowires and nanobelts), 2D (nanoplates and nanosheets), and 3D (nanospheres) Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ for high‐performance LIBs, especially highlighting their synthetic strategies and promising electrochemical properties. Finally, the future prospects of nanostructured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathodes are discussed.     

Composite‐Structure Material Design for High‐Energy Lithium Storage

High‐energy storage devices are in demand for the rapid development of modern society. Until now, many kinds of energy storage devices, such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), and so on, have been developed in the past 30 years. However, most of the commercially exploited and studied active electrode materials of these energy storage devices possess a single phase with low reversible capacity or unsatisfied cycle stability. Continuous and extensive research efforts are made to develop alternative materials with a higher specific energy density and long cycle life by element doping or surface modification. A novel strategy of forming composite‐structure electrode materials by introducing structure units has attracted great attention in recent years. Herein, based on previous publications on these composite‐structure materials, some important scientific points focusing on the design of composite‐structure materials for better electrochemical performances reveal the distinction of composite structures based on average and local structure analysis methods, and an understanding of the relationship between these interior composite structures and their electrochemical performances is discussed thoroughly. The lithiation/delithiation mechanism and the remaining challenges and perspectives for composite‐structure electrode materials are also elaborated.