Antisolvent micronization of BSA using supercritical mixtures carbon dioxide + organic solvent

In this work, expanded liquid antisolvent (ELAS) process has been used to micronize bovine serum albumin (BSA) solubilized in water. Carbon dioxide mixtures with ethanol, acetone or isopropyl alcohol, at expanded liquid conditions, have been used as the antisolvent. The effect of process parameters, such as the kind of co-antisolvent and the organic co-antisolvent/water/carbon dioxide mole fraction on the morphology and dimensions of the precipitates, was studied. Changing co-antisolvent and operating conditions, we obtained nanoparticles (with a mean diameter of about 60 nm ± 10 nm), sub-microparticles (with a mean diameter of 470 nm ± 130 nm), microparticles (with a mean diameter of 0.93 μm ± 0.37 μm) and expanded microparticles with an empty core (with a mean diameter of about 9 μm ± 5 μm). Fourier transform infrared analysis on BSA powders revealed that, using acetone as co-antisolvent, no modifications of the protein secondary structure were induced by ELAS processing.     

碳纳米管复合物纳米流体切削液的稳定性与强化换热

将润滑剂硫化异丁烯（T321）填充到碳纳米管（CNTs）内以后制成复合物,再利用复合物制备了一种纳米流体切削液,研究了该纳米流体的分散稳定性、导热和黏度特性,分析了酸化处理时间、碳管微粒类型与浓度、表面活性剂、测试条件等对上述性能的影响。结果表明,T321填充CNTs时的填充率为25%左右,制备稳定分散纳米流体所需的两种表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）与吐温-80（TW-80）的最佳复配比例为3∶7,复配活性剂与碳管的最佳比例为5∶1。当CNTs的酸化处理时间为9h左右,且在充分、稳定分散的条件下,复合物可使基液的热导率提高110%,CNTs的形状因子对热导率的影响最为显著。所制备的纳米流体为一种非牛顿流体,当活性剂质量分数为0.5%左右时,其动力黏度最小。与普通CNTs所制备的纳米流体比,复合物纳米流体的热导率更高、黏度更小,这是由于在CNTs的开口与内部填充过程中,其表面被化学修饰,使复合物在基础液中具有更好的分散稳定性。     

Micronization of Gefitinib Using Solution‐Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical CO2

The antineoplastic gefitinib has a low aqueous solubility, leading to poor absorption rates. To overcome this problem, microparticles (MP) were prepared using solution‐enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) with supercritical CO₂ and the cosolvents dichloromethane and ethanol. The results showed that the use of SEDS resulted in the formation of smaller particles and rendered the usually heterogeneous crystals of the crude drug pure and uniform. Furthermore, the reduction in the MP size increased the dissolution rate of gefitinib, and in vitro cytotoxicity assays indicated that the MP inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells to a larger extent than did the crude drug. Given the beneficial properties of the MP, SEDS could potentially be used to micronize drugs for therapeutic applications.     

复杂流体-固体界面相互作用热力学机制

具有复杂结构的纳微界面往往是界面复杂作用和宏观实验现象的主导因素。要准确描述界面处复杂流体的行为,需要引入能描述复杂流体-固体界面相互作用的分子热力学模型。本综述围绕分子热力学模型化方法拓展至纳微界面传递问题,提出“分子热力学建模+分子模拟+纳微实验”三者有机配合新思路。并针对复杂流体-固体界面相互作用的定量研究,着重综述了作者在热力学建模,分子模拟以及采用原子力显微镜 (atomic force microscopy,AFM) 实验方面的研究进展,创新性地提出将AFM定量化分析作为桥梁,用于构建分子模拟模型,描述复杂界面作用,揭示分子热力学机制,为构建纳微界面传递模型以及分子热力学模型由体相拓展至界面提供了可能。     

随机粗糙表面上剪切变稀流体液滴的沉积过程模拟

采用计算流体力学相场方法模拟了单个剪切变稀非牛顿流体液滴在随机粗糙表面的沉积过程,并分析揭示了随机粗糙表面形貌对液滴运动状态及平衡状态的影响。结果表明,在指定的相同操作条件下,即使在光滑表面,剪切变稀流体液滴比牛顿流体液滴铺展更大且回缩至平衡所需时间更少,不存在二次铺展;剪切变稀流体液滴最大铺展直径随均方根粗糙度Rr与Wenzel粗糙度Wr的增加而略有增加。Wr相同时,随着Rr增大,液滴最终铺展系数减小,高度系数增大,平衡接触面积及接触角有所减小。在Rr相同情况下,随着Wr增大,液滴达到平衡所需时间缩短,平衡接触面积线性增大。     

Characterization of extensional rheological filament stretching with a dual‐mode Giesekus model

A new, simple, formulation that describes capillary thinning as predicted by a two‐mode Giesekus model is derived, and its application in analyzing data from extensional rheometry (capillary thinning) experiments is discussed. An algorithm is presented that can be used to fit the expressions obtained from the Giesekus model to extensional rheometry data. Examples of data fitting are given for an idealized data set, for measurements obtained for aqueous solutions of 6 wt % 900,000 molecular weight polyethylene oxide, and for biological fluids obtained from pitchers of Nepenthes Rafflesiana. Good fits to the data were obtained, with coefficients of determination in excess of 0.98. For each data set, it was possible to calculate values of extensional viscosity and relaxation time for each of the two modes, allowing quantitative comparison of different fluids or of the same fluid as it ages. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2188–2199, 2016     

超临界流体技术制备超微材料方法

从超临界流体技术制备超微材料具有传统方法不可比拟的优越性出发,对利用超临界流体技术的各种方法进行总结,主要包括快速膨胀法、抗溶剂法、气相过饱和沉积法和反应法;以最常用的超临界二氧化碳为例,介绍了各种方法的制备原理以及目前的研究热点和现状,对近年来国内外文献相关研究的结论和存在的问题进行了综述;对各种方法进行了比较和展望。     

Enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of polylactones: roles of non‐aqueous solvents

Aliphatic polyesters such as polylactides (PLAs) and other polylactones are thermoplastic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with the potential to replace petro‐chemical‐based synthetic polymers. A benign route for synthesizing these polyesters is through the enzyme‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) reaction; this type of enzymatic process is very sensitive to reaction conditions such as solvents, water content and temperature. This review systematically evaluates the crucial roles of different solvents (such as solvent‐free/in bulk, organic solvents, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and aqueous biphasic systems) on the degree of polymerization and polydispersity. In general, many studies suggest that hydrophobic organic solvents with minimum water contents lead to efficient enzymatic polymerization and subsequently high molecular weights of polyesters; the selection of solvents is also limited by the reaction temperature, e.g. the ROP of lactide is often conducted at above 100 °C, therefore, the solvent typically needs to have its boiling point above this temperature. The use of supercritical fluids could be limited by its scaling‐up potential, while ionic liquids have exhibited many advantages including their low‐volatility, high thermal stability, controllable enzyme‐compatibility, and a wide range of choices. However, the fundamental and mechanistic understanding of the specific roles of ionic liquids in enzymatic ROP reactions is still lacking. Furthermore, the lipase specificity towards l ‐ and d ‐lactide is also surveyed, followed by the discussion of engineered lipases with improved enantioselectivity and thermal stability. In addition, the preparation of polyester‐derived materials such as polyester‐grafted cellulose by the enzymatic ROP method is briefly reviewed. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Flow of Newtonian and power law liquids in tube bundles

In this work, the annular (tangential) flow of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids in tube bundles has been studied experimentally. Extensive pressure drop data has been obtained embracing wide ranges of the Reynolds number (13–6600) and for two test modules of different geometrical arrangements, but of similar overall void fraction. Preliminary experiments suggest that the pressure drop is mainly determined by the overall void fraction of the bundle and is relatively insensitive to the detailed geometrical configuration of the bundle. A simple predictive correlation has been developed which reconciles the present results for Newtonian and power law fluids with acceptable levels of reliability.