基于金属氢化物高温蓄热的氢热耦合传递机理

目前大多数可再生能源如太阳能具有间歇性和不稳定性的问题,因此高效蓄热技术成为了发展太阳能的一个关键途径。金属氢化物高温蓄热技术作为热化学蓄热中最有前途的方法之一,受到了人们的广泛关注。为了实现金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的工程应用,明确其氢热耦合传递机理至关重要。本研究采用数值模拟的方法,通过建立反应器的多物理场耦合模型,讨论了不同时刻下床层内部参数的分布,得到了反应锋面的形成和移动机理以及非均匀反应的形成机理;此外,结合反应器内部氢压、接触热阻和床层热阻的变化规律,明确了不同阶段下金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的控制环节;最后,依据金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的工程应用挑战,提出了相应的研究策略。     

污泥固体停留时间对实时控制生物脱氮SBR中亚硝酸盐积累的影响

In this study,four sequencing batch reactors(SBR),with the sludge retention time(SRT)of 5,10,20 and 40 d,were used to treat domestic wastewater,and the effect of SRT on nitrite accumulation in the biological nitrogen removal SBR was investigated.The real-time control strategy based on online parameters,such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO)and oxidation reduction potential(ORP),was used to regulate the nitrite accumulation in SBR. The model-based simulation and experimental results showed that with the increase of SRT,longer time was needed to achieve high level of nitritation.In addition,the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR)was higher when the SRT was relatively shorter during a 112-day operation.When the SRT was 5 d,the system was unstable with the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)decreased day after day.When the SRT was 40 d,the nitrification process was significantly inhibited.SRT of 10 to 20 d was more suitable in this study.The real-time control strategy combined with SRT control in SBR is an effective method for biological nitrogen removal via nitrite from wastewater.     

中国系列液态锂铅实验回路设计与研发进展

锂铅实验回路是聚变堆液态锂铅包层关键技术研究必备实验平台之一.结合液态金属锂铅包层技术发展战略建议,FDS团队多年来不断开展液态锂铅实验回路技术研究,设计并建造了具有自主知识产权和具有不同功能参数的DRAGON系列锂铅实验回路.本文阐述了中国锂铅实验回路的发展路线建议,系统介绍了目前各实验回路的设计原则、结构特点、功能和相关实验研究进展等情况.     

生物质快速热解技术现状

生物质能源是可再生能源的重要组成部分,有丰富的资源和低污染的特点,它的开发与利用已成为21世纪研究的重要课题。本文概述了生物质转化利用的方法,并重点阐述了生物质热化学转化法中的快速热解技术,同时综述了国内外快速热解反应器的现状,以及其产物———生物油的收集与特征分析,并提出了我国在快速热解研究方面应采取的有关措施。     

基于微结构光纤自相位调制效应全光再生研究

利用微结构光纤作为非线性介质,实现了基于自相位调制(SPM)效应的全光再生.分析了脉冲峰值功率、脉冲宽度和滤波器参量对再生特性的影响,比较了具有正常色散和反常色散的2种微结构光纤的光再生效果.结果表明:采用具有正常色散或反常色散的微结构光纤均可以实现较好的光再生效果,但正常色散可以降低展宽频谱中的震荡结构,获得更好的传输函数;输入光纤的峰值功率必需达到一定的强度值,同时选择好滤波器的中心波长和滤波带宽才能得到满意的再生效果,通过优化这些参量将会获得更好的光再生效果.     

Comparison of biological reactors (biofilter,biotrickling filter and modified RBC) for treating dichloromethane vapors

BACKGROUND: Bioreactors used for waste gas and odor treatment have gained acceptance in recent years to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Different types of bioreactors (biofilter, biotrickling filter and rotating biological reactor) have been used for waste gas treatment. Most studies reported in the literature have used one of these systems to treat several types of inorganic and organic gases either individually or in mixtures. Each of these reactors has some advantages and some limitations. Though biodegradation is the main process for the removal of pollutants, the mechanisms of removal and the microbial communities may differ among these bioreactors. Consequently their performance or removal efficiency may also be different. RESULTS: At low loading rate (<35 g m^?3 h^?1), all three bioreactors showed comparable removal efficiencies and elimination capacity, but at higher loading rates, rotating biological contactors (RBC) showed a better performance with higher removal efficiency (40–50%) than both the biofilter and biotrickling filter (20–40%). The biofilter showed a sharp drop in removal efficiency and elimination capacity at high loading rates. CONCLUSIONS: The modified RBC had no clogging problems and no increase in pressure drop when compared with the other bioreactors. It can thus handle pollutant load for a longer period of time. This is the first study attempting to compare the performance of three different bioreactors for removal of the same VOC under different conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzymatic membrane reactors: the determining factors in two separate phase operations

A two separate phase‐enzymatic membrane reactor is an attractive process since it has a large interfacial area and exchange surfaces, simultaneous reaction and separation and other benefits. Many factors influence its successful operation, and these include characteristics of the enzyme, membrane, circulating fluids and reactor operations. Although the operating conditions are the main factor, other factors must be considered before, during or after its application. At the initial stage of reactor development, the solubility of substrates and products, type of operation, membrane material and size, enzyme preparation and loading procedure, and cleanliness of the recirculated fluids should be specified. The immobilization site, reactor arrangement, dissolved or no‐solvent operation, classic or emulsion operation and immobilized or suspended enzyme(s) are determined later. Some factors still need further studies. Utilization of the technology is described for use from multigram‐ to plant‐scale capacity to process racemic and achiral compounds. The racemates were resolved primarily by kinetic resolution, but dynamic kinetic resolution has been exploited. The technology focused on hydrolytic reactions, but esterification processes were also exploited. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Does photoelectrocatalysis by TiO2 work?

BACKGROUND: This paper examines TiO₂ photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), a process that increases the efficiency of TiO₂ photocatalysis (PC) by applying a potential to separate the UV‐generated charge carriers whose recombination typically limits photonic efficiencies of conventional photocatalysis. RESULTS: Four representative photoelectrocatalytic reactions, nitrophenol oxidation, oxalate degradation, E. coli inactivation and dye decolouration were considered. For all four, a small applied potential raised the rate of pollutant removal by TiO₂ electrodes. Because the improvements were probably insufficient to make PEC technologically viable except in niche applications, rates of pollutant removal by PEC and by PC using TiO₂ particle dispersions were directly compared. PEC rates were not significantly larger than rates of PC by dispersions. CONCLUSION: Discussions of the implications of these conclusions focus on whether PEC is currently limited by reactor design (irradiation geometry, or mass transfer) or by electrode materials. It is inferred that the performance of present electrodes is not limited significantly by mass transfer constraints. Since the choice of electrode materials (sol–gel or thermal electrodes) has been shown to influence PEC efficiency, recent results on titania nanotubes (TNT) are reviewed. It is concluded that the enhancement factors—the PEC:PC ratio—of TNT electrodes are no higher than those of conventional materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Experimental procedure for kinetic studies on egg-shell catalysts: The case of liquid-phase hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene and n-butenes on commercial Pd catalysts

A study of the liquid-phase hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on commercial Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts of the “egg-shell” type has been performed. Experimental conditions (40°C, 4 atm and high conversion of the di-olefin) were selected in accordance to industrial operating conditions employed for selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. Three experimental schemes were tested: a slurry reactor, a rotating-basket reactor, and a recirculation system with an external fixed-bed reactor. Significant drawbacks shown by the two former devices were mainly derived from the very high activity and the egg-shell structure of the catalysts. Instead, the recirculation system was found to be an excellent alternative.

Although Pd is present only within a very thin external layer (around 50–250 μm), strong diffusion effects impairing selectivity were observed. Plausible kinetic expressions corresponding to nine series–parallel overall reactions are derived from a mechanistic model. To deal with this network of fast reactions, a rather complex set of computational and predictive tools were employed. A worked out example from several replicates demonstrates the capability of both, experimental and data analysis procedures, for inferring kinetic parameters of the proposed model.     

Attrition resistance of cobalt F–T catalysts for slurry bubble column reactor use

There exists much current interest in the use of supported Co catalysts and slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) for the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons via the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis. Catalyst attrition resistance is extremely important in the operation of slurry-phase reactor systems because of potential problems with plugging of system filters and/or contamination of the liquid products. This paper addresses the effects of different supports, promoters, and preparation methods on the attrition resistance of Co F–T catalysts for SBCR use.

The calcined supports had attrition resistances (inversely related to % fines <11 μm generated during attrition testing) as follows:

−Al₂O₃>TiO₂(rutile)SiO₂

Loading of Co onto the supports improved the attrition resistances of both alumina and silica significantly. It has essentially no effect on titania. The resulting catalysts had attrition resistances in the order

Co/Al₂O₃>Co/SiO₂>Co/TiO₂(rutile)>Co/TiO₂(anatase)

The addition of small amounts of metal (Ru, Cu) and oxide (La, Zr, K, Cr) promoters had mainly small effects on the attrition resistance of the supported Co catalysts. However, it would appear that the addition of Zr to Co/alumina had a negative impact on its attrition resistance. The different preparation methods used in this study (aqueous impregnation, non-aqueous impregnation, and kneading) did not appear to have a significant effect on catalyst attrition resistance.