Optimization of some parameters of stirred mill for ultra-fine grinding of refractory Au/Ag ores

In this study, optimization of some parameters of stirred mill on ultra-fine grinding of refractory Au/Ag ores was performed. A three-level Box-Behnken design combining a response surface methodology (RSM) with quadratic programming (QP) was employed for modelling and optimization of some operating parameters in ultra-fine grinding. Grinding tests were carried out in a laboratory scale pin-type vertical stirred mill. The relationship between the response, i.e. d₈₀ size, and four grinding parameters, i.e. ball diameter, grinding time, ball charge ratio and stirrer revolution was presented as empirical model equations. Analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (R² = 0.9698), thus ensuring a satisfactory of the second-order regression model with the experimental data.The model equations were then optimized using the quadratic programming method to minimize for d₈₀ size within the experimental range studied. The optimum conditions were found to be 1.61 mm for ball diameter, 11.50 min for grinding time, 80% for ball charge ratio and 745 rpm for stirrer revolution for this grinding process.In order to verify the improvement of grinding performance using the optimal level of control factors three verification experiments were conducted, and the results for d₈₀ was 3.37 μm, which were smaller than those obtained in the initial tests.     

Experimental investigations and modelling of the ball motion in planetary ball mills

Planetary ball mills feature attractive properties, like the possibility of dry or wet operation, straightforward handling, cleanability and moderate costs. Consequently they are very well suited for lab scale process development in diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals and new materials. A number of questions still remain unanswered regarding this mill type. These include the stress conditions as well as transfer of the grinding results to other types of mills with free moving balls, such as stirred media mills, which can be built in large scales and operated continuously.In order to measure the ball motion and, thus, the stress conditions, a planetary ball mill was equipped with a high speed video camera, so that the grinding ball motion during the comminution process can be recorded and analysed. The influence of important process parameters on the ball motion pattern was assessed in this study, namely speed ratio, ball filling ratio and friction conditions, the latter by applying different mill feeds. The experimental results show considerable influences of the ball filling ratio and friction conditions. The measured ball motion patterns differ significantly from ball trajectories which were calculated using kinetic equations proposed in older publications.In addition to the measurements the ball motion was simulated using a three dimensional Discrete Element Model (DEM). An attempt was made to account for mill feed via altered friction coefficients. Correlations of the DEM results and experimental findings at different operating conditions show a good agreement. Based on simulation data the frequency distribution of the stress energies in the mill could be calculated and compared for different operating conditions.     

Mechanical milling of catalyst support for enhancing the performance in fuel cells

In this work, we studied the characteristic variations of catalyst supports caused by mechanical milling and their electrochemical application in fuel cells. Two different catalyst supports, carbon black (XC-72R) and K20 (mesoporous carbon), were crushed and dispersed by mechanical milling using a bead mill. The bead mill operated with 0.3 μm zirconia beads at the rate of 3500 rpm for 30 min. The secondary particle size of the crushed catalyst supports ranged from around 0.1 μm to 10 μm. The secondary particle size of the catalyst supports after crushing represents a decrease of approximately 10% compared with that of raw catalyst supports. To confirm the role of the catalyst supports in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), Pt and Ru were loaded onto these catalyst supports using an impregnation method. In the single cell test, Pt-Ru/XC-Bead and PtRu/K20-Bead showed power densities of 135 mW/cm² and 144 mW/cm² under air at 60 °C, respectively. The performance values of these catalysts, which were fabricated using reformed catalyst supports, were 10% to 20% higher than those of raw catalyst supports. As a result, the catalyst supports crushed by the bead mill helped to improve the electrochemical performance of the direct methanol fuel cell.     

浅谈大型中卸烘干磨精细化管理

结合山东德州中联大坝水泥有限公司两φ4．6m×（10＋3．5）m中卸烘干原料磨的实际生产控制和管理经验．从工艺、操作和机械三方面,全面分析了大型中卸磨实现低耗、高产、优质生产的相关影响因素和具体的精细化管理举措。     

S7-300 PLC在立式锥形穿孔机顶杆小车电气控制系统中的应用

介绍立式锥形穿孔机顶杆小车电气控制系统中硬件组态、直流传动装置与PLC的通信、软件编程等内容,以及在实际运行中遇到的问题及解决办法。     

冲击式粉磨机调控粒度方法的研究

阐述了冲击式粉磨机生产石油焦的工艺流程、技术特点及粒度控制方法,本文通过对分级机转速、风机风量进行调整,由粒度检测结果可知:改变分级机频率,可以调节产品最大粒度,变化幅度大;改变风机风量可以调整成品中细粉含量,改善粒度分布.     

A full‐scale system for aerobic biological treatment of olive mill wastewater

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean basin. Although many methods for OMW treatment have been developed, only a few have been adopted in pilot‐ or full‐scale applications. A full‐scale system for aerobic biological treatment of OMW was developed. The system consists of a trickling filter and a recirculation tank. Continuous recirculation of the wastewater was used to provide oxygen concentrations from 0.7 to 1.2 mg L^?1. Low ambient temperatures did not affect system performance since the raw wastewater was warm enough. Nutrient addition was not necessary as raw wastewater contained sufficient nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations. Indigenous olive pulp bacteria proved to be resistant to full‐scale conditions. Feed chemical oxygen demand and phenolic concentrations were about 43 000 and 9500 mg L^?1, respectively. The system reduced more than half of the organic load under continuous operation and a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. The efficiency of this method could be improved by combining it with another technology to further reduce the organic load. The absence of mechanical aeration and the very low hydraulic retention time denotes that the proposed system could be viable and attractive. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Management scenarios for olive oil mill waste based on characterization and leaching tests

BACKGROUND: Olive oil mill waste is a serious environmental problem in the Mediterranean basin given its particular characteristics of high organic content, seasonal and localized generation, and the type of processing involved. RESULTS: Olive mill waste from a three‐phase mill was characterized by means of total analysis, availability and mobility of the pollutants in order to help the decision‐maker about possible options for its valorization and/or disposal. Water content, loss of ignition, total organic carbon, phenol index and metals concentrations were measured to fully characterize the waste. Three leaching tests (NEN 7341, EN 12457 and UNE CEN‐TS 15364 EX) were carried out to evaluate the environmental hazard of the waste material and the leachates were characterized with respect to electric conductivity, pH, heavy metals, anions and organic pollutants (phenol index and total organic carbon) according to European waste directives. The results were compared with EU regulations for inert, non‐hazardous and hazardous waste disposal. CONCLUSION: It was found that not only organic parameters must be taken into account concerning the fate of this waste material, but also the mobility of heavy metals and anions should be studied. Furthermore, stabilization/solidification processes are recommended before landfill disposal of this kind of agro‐waste material. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

多干扰源下热连轧机主传动系统扭振问题研究

针对热连轧机主传动系统扭转振动问题,考虑非线性刚度及阻尼项,建立连轧机在电机谐波干扰及负载谐波干扰下的主传动系统扭转动力学模型。采用多尺度法求解非线性动力学系统的1/2倍亚谐、2倍超谐及组合共振幅频响应方程。以某钢企中1 580 mm热连轧机F2主传动系统为例,分析实际参数下不同非线性刚度、非线性阻尼、电机扰动及线性阻尼对主传动系统亚谐、超谐及组合共振的幅频响应的影响。研究结果为揭示热连轧机主传动系统非线性动力学特性问题机理提供实用参考。     

基于经验规则的水泥磨控制

应用泛布尔代数理论分析水泥磨控制规则,得到分层次的泛逻辑图和泛逻辑表达式,对应控制结构上的多级闭环负反馈控制,使得水泥磨规则控制器的设计实现从硬件到软件简单明晰,可靠性和性能指标更好。