管道多层隔热系统的传热分析及优化设计

采用能量平衡方程和P1阶微分近似法建立了由超细玻璃纤维和反射屏组成的管道多层隔热系统稳态传热的数学模型。利用该模型分析了反射屏层数、反射屏发射率、反射屏位置、温度等因素对系统隔热性能的影响。分析结果表明,系统的隔热性能随着反射屏层数的增加而提高,但是提高幅度逐渐减小,存在一个最佳的反射屏层数;反射屏的发射率强烈地影响系统的隔热性能,采用低发射率的反射屏对于提高系统隔热性能有着重要作用;反射屏位置对系统隔热性能有较大影响,将反射屏靠近高温面布置能获得更好的隔热效果。     

Interface structure of photonic multilayers prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The structures of substrate/layer, layer/layer, and layer/air interfaces in optical multilayers made using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) have been probed for the first time using X-ray reflectivity and neutron reflectivity. From the point of view of optical applications the interfaces are extremely sharp, sharper than is often achievable with the self-assembly of block copolymers or deposition techniques in which the polymer layers contact while in a fluid state. The average interface width, a_I, between layers made from different precursors is about 40 Å (16 Å rms). The layer/layer interfaces are generally 2-3 times broader than the layer/air interfaces. Polymeric fluorocarbon films deposited on a Si substrate using PECVD with octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB) monomer show uniform scattering length density with depth except for a region of molecular thickness immediately adjacent to the substrate. Films made from deuterated benzene show uniform density throughout the film thickness.     

高速精密压电型电液伺服阀及其控制方法

为了提高电液伺服阀的静、动态性能,采用压电叠堆执行器作为电液伺服阀的前置驱动级,提出了一种新型高速精密压电型电液伺服阀.针对系统的非线性和不确定性,提出一种改进的自调整函数模糊控制方法,将系统偏差和偏差变化量在同一闭区间内分成若干等级完成归一模糊量化,将调整因子变为调整函数,并对比例因子进行自调整,从而避免迟滞非线性带来的系统振荡问题,提高模糊控制器精度.实验结果表明,新型压电型电液伺服阀的静态迟滞环<0.1%,分辨率优于0.03%,闭环控制时,幅频宽>700 Hz.     

Multilayer polyimide nanocomposite films synthesis process optimization impact on nanoparticles dispersion and their dielectric performance

The preparation of polyimide (PI)/nanocomposite films and their thickness are a complex process with some ambiguous variables that are involved in the synthesis process. Therefore, it is crucial to understand those variables and reveal the chemistry behind them. Several methods have been probed until an optimal synthesis process was found. A detailed synthesis process optimization is described in this article to understand all variables, which can influence the molecular weight of polyamic acide (PAA) solution, the thickness of films, and nanoparticles dispersion. The spin coating technique was used to control the thickness of single and multilayer PI/nanocomposite films, which reveals that the thickness of the casted PI film depends on several factors, such as the viscosity, molecular weight of the PAA solution, and the spin speed of spin coater. Factors, which can influence the molecular weight of PAA solution, are discussed in detail. After completing the synthesis process, the single and multilayer PI nanocomposite films are characterized experimentally. The results reveal that using a thin layer of nanocomposite on PI film in the form of a multilayer structure improves the nanoparticles dispersion and thereafter its dielectric properties.     

Experimental investigation of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of APP/EG/TPU multilayer composites prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology

In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate(APP)/expandable graphite(EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology, APP and EG fillers had good synergistic flame retardancy and excellent dispersion in TPU matrix, which greatly improved the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of multilayer composites. The dispersion of APP and EG in TPU was characterized by using SEM, the flame retardancy of composites was characterized by using UL94 and LOI, the thermal stability of composites was characterized by using TGA and DTG, and tensile test was used to characterized the mechanical properties of composites. SEM showed that the microlayer coextrusion technology significantly improved the dispersion of APP and EG in TPU. As showed by the experimental results, the vertical combustion level of ordinary blended composites reached V-2 after adding only one kind of filler either APP or EG, and the vertical combustion level of ordinary blended composites reached V-0 with APP and EG applied together, while the vertical combustion level of microlayer coextruded composites all reached V-0 when the total addition of APP and EG was 15%. In particular, the LOI value of microlayer coextruded composites was 30.9%, while the LOI value of ordinary blended composites only was 27.9% when APP: EG = 1: 1. At this time, the flame retardancy level of APP/EG/TPU composites was the best. In addition, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of microlayer coextruded composites were far superior to ordinary blended composites. In conclusion, the synergistic flame retardancy of APP and EG fillers and the dispersion of APP and EG fillers in TPU matrix played a significant role in enhancing flame retardancy and mechanical properties.     

Al2O3 Nanoparticulate LZS Glass–Ceramic Matrix Composites for Production of Multilayered Materials

This work reports the processing steps of Al₂O₃ (1–5 vol%) nanoparticulate (d_V.50 = 13 nm) LZS glass–ceramic matrix (19.58Li₂O·11.10ZrO₂·69.32SiO₂, mol%, d_v.50 = 3.5 μm) composites for production of multilayered materials with thermal expansion gradients obtained by tape casting. Suspensions were prepared in water to solids contents ranging from 40 to 47 vol% using ammonium polyacrylate as a deflocculant, and an acrylic copolymer and polyvinyl alcohol as binders. Optimum performance was achieved by sonication and controlling the rheological properties for every step of the process. To prepare the composites, different concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5 vol%) of nanoalumina were added to fresh, as‐prepared LZS suspensions, by changing the solid contents as required to maintain similar viscosities. Green tapes with high uniformity, without macroscopic defects and easy to handle were sintered to relative densities between 89% and 94%. Dense and homogeneous laminates with gradual composition with increasing concentrations of alumina were obtained.     

Effect of Oxygen Vacancy on Electrical Property of Acceptor Doped BaTiO3–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Nb2O5 X8R Systems

In this study, we reported a new BaTiO₃–Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–Nb₂O₅–Mn₂O₃/Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄/In₂O₃ X8R system with high dielectric constant (>2100) at room temperature. The impacts of oxygen vacancy ( ) on dielectric, electrical conductivity, and ferroelectric properties were systematically studied. The Curie point is largely depended on the concentration, which can be confirmed by the dielectric behavior and A_1g octahedral breathing modes in Raman spectrum. In addition, the activation energy of diffusion is greatly reduced with the increase in concentration. It was found that the remnant polarization and coercive field were both decreased with increasing concentration, due to the facilitated defect dipoles reorientation and domain switching.     

硬质陶瓷涂层增韧及其评估研究进展

硬质陶瓷涂层一般硬度高,但韧性差,在受到较大外加冲击荷载作用时容易产生裂纹并引发失效,从而限制了硬质涂层在工程领域的应用。硬质涂层的增韧研究是当前硬质涂层研究的热点之一。常见硬质涂层增韧方法中,有些是以降低硬度为代价来提高涂层韧性,比如第二相增韧;有些是通过优化涂层结构设计,减小缺陷尺寸,在不损失涂层高硬度的前提下,提高韧性,获得兼具高硬度和高韧性的涂层;有些是通过相变(晶体结构转变)提高涂层的韧性。通过优化涂层结构设计,改变涂层晶粒尺寸、晶界尺寸与复杂程度等,使涂层致密化,从而提高涂层硬度与韧性,从而获得增韧效果,成为研究者越来越关注的焦点。单一增韧方法的局限性,可以通过多种增韧方法协同作用获得突破,协同增韧已成为硬质涂层增韧发展的趋势。目前硬质涂层的韧性评估还没有一个公认的方法,从简单实用出发,常用的有微悬臂梁弯曲法、划痕法和压痕法。     

多弧离子镀沉积Ti/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦磨损及电化学性能

软硬交替多层结构的薄膜因其优异的抗摩擦磨损性能和耐腐蚀特性使其在工程领域具有重要的应用价值。利用多弧离子镀在不锈钢和Si(100)表面沉积了Ti N单层薄膜和3种不同Ti/Ti N调制比的多层膜,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、CSM摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站分别分析了薄膜的结构特征、耐磨损性能和电化学性能。结果表明:多层膜层状结构明显,Ti N相出现(111)面择优取向;Ti与Ti N沉积时间比为1∶5的样品具有较低的摩擦因数(0.26)和磨损率(6.6×10–7 mm3·N–1·m–1);在3.5%Na Cl溶液中,多层膜样品的腐蚀电流密度较不锈钢基体降低了两个数量级,腐蚀电位较不锈钢基体明显提高,表明多层膜可以提高不锈钢基体的耐腐蚀性。     

ZrN及其多层膜的性质和耐腐蚀性能

用磁过滤电弧制备了ZrN和ZrN／TiN多层膜，磁控溅射制备了ZrN薄膜。结果表明，ZrN／TiN多层膜，由于纳米多层化作用，硬度高于ZrN和TiN的26GPa和2lGPa，平均值达到34．5GPa。X射线衍射分析表明，ZrN／TiN多层膜由ZrN和TiN组成。过滤电弧制备的ZrN和ZrN／TiN多层膜的结合力为8lN和77N，磁控溅射制备的ZrN薄膜的结合力为26N。极化曲线的结果显示，过滤电弧制备的ZrN和ZrN／TiN多层膜的耐腐蚀性显著优于磁控溅射制备的ZrN薄膜，讨论了两种方法制备薄膜性能差异的原因。