曲靖市2011~2014年食品微生物致病因子风险监测研究及应用

目的 通过风险监测了解我市食品中致病因子污染状况及分布, 探寻可能引起食源性疾病的高危污染源, 掌握和分析食品安全状况, 为食品安全风险做好预警。方法 按GB/T4789-2008《食品卫生微生物学检验》、GB/T4789-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品卫生微生物学检验》、《2011年~2014年食源性致病菌监测工作手册》, 对农贸市场、大型超市、宾馆饭店、快餐店、零售店、生产加工场所及街头流动摊点采集食品样品进行分离与鉴定。结果 共检测食品样1237件, 检出致病因子134株, 总检出率10.83%, 阪崎肠杆菌检出率最高为12.43%、其次为蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率12.37%、金黄色葡萄球菌检出率5.55%、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率2.85%、致泻大肠埃希氏菌检出率1.02%、沙门氏菌检出率0.09%。在监测的12类食品中致病因子检出率最高的为冷冻肉糜制品占25.8%, 其次为生米线25.0%, 婴幼儿配方食品24.26%, 餐饮食品24.12%等。不同类别食品合格率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.005)。结论 曲靖市食品中致病因子存在不同程度的污染, 小型餐馆、零售加工店、快餐店、便利店、集体食堂、街头摊点等可能引起食源性疾病的危险度较高, 引起食源性疾病暴发的潜在危害较大。     

Application of Selected Natural Antimicrobial Formulations for the Control of Food Pathogens in Fresh-Cut Cauliflower

In recent years, research on biopolymer based-coating containing natural antimicrobial agents is developing significantly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of six formulations containing pre-selected natural antimicrobial compounds against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O 157：H7, Salmonella typhimurium, the total bacteria and total yeasts and molds in cauliflower. Each formulation was subjected to a sensory test in parallel to microbiological analysis and the efficiency during storage at 5 ℃ was evaluated for the two best formulations, based on their ability to eliminate the target microorganisms. Both formulations were able to reduce all pathogens and total flora below detectable levels after 24 h of storage at 5 ℃. Using washing or spraying treatments, the two formulations were able to reduce Listeria to undetectable levels for 3 d. This efficiency was extended to 7 d when the formulations were incorporated into an edible coating. Washing treatment with the two formulations was also able to limit the growth of yeast and molds at levels lower than 2 log, for more than 7 d. The population of E. coli was reduced to below the detection limit during 14 d of storage, after washing treatment with the two formulations. The spraying treatment of cauliflower with the formulations allowed the use of very small amounts of antimicrobials while maintaining a fairly good efficiency, greatly reducing the potential costs of implementing this method in the industry. Future research may focus on development of nanoemulsion of antimicrobial formulations based on the developed antimicrobial formulations in this study to improve the better coating efficiency.     

Inhibitory mechanisms of promising antimicrobials from plant byproducts: A review

Plant byproducts and waste present enormous environmental challenges and an opportunity for valorization and industrial application. Due to consumer demands for natural compounds, the evident paucity of novel antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens, and the urgent need to improve the arsenal against infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plant byproduct compounds have attracted significant research interest. Emerging research highlighted their promising antimicrobial activity, yet the inhibitory mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review summarizes the overall research on the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory mechanisms of plant byproduct compounds. A total of 315 natural antimicrobials from plant byproducts, totaling 1338 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (in μg/mL) against a broad spectrum of bacteria, were identified, and a particular emphasis was given to compounds with high or good antimicrobial activity (typically <100 μg/mL MIC). Moreover, the antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly against bacterial pathogens, were discussed in-depth, summarizing the latest research on using natural compounds to combat pathogenic microorganisms and AMR. Furthermore, safety concerns, relevant legislation, consumer perspective, and current gaps in the valorization of plant byproducts–derived compounds were comprehensively discussed. This comprehensive review covering up-to-date information on antimicrobial activity and mechanisms represents a powerful tool for screening and selecting the most promising plant byproduct compounds and sources for developing novel antimicrobial agents.     

宏基因组测序法研究管材对生物膜致病菌的影响

为研究供水管道材料对管道生物膜致病菌种的影响,以已稳定运行8年的中国东部某城市实际供水管道中试平台管道为实验对象,从平行设置的球墨铸铁管(DCIP)、高密度聚乙烯管(HDPE)、镀锌钢管(GSP)、不锈钢复合管(SSCP)和钢管(SP)管道中收集13组生物膜样品,开展宏基因组测序分析,对比研究不同管道材料的致病菌种类分布情况。结果表明:DCIP生物膜中致病菌相对含量最为丰富,GSP致病菌相对含量最少;此外,世界卫生组织颁布的12种全球优先致病菌(priority pathogens)在本次供水管道中发现9种,在不同管道的相对丰度为0.079%～1.084%,表明供水管道生物膜对人类和环境的严重危害潜力;依据致病菌在5种管材中相对丰度的分布情况,发现与5种管材相关联的优势致病菌。研究结果为基于致病风险控制的供水管道管材选择提供了理论依据。     

新的免疫细胞传感器CANARY的研究应用进展

免疫细胞传感器的出现推动了病原体检测的发展.该文综述了B淋巴细胞作为传感器敏感元件的构建,B细胞传感器的检测原理及其在病原体检测中的应用研究进展,并展望了免疫细胞传感器的潜在发展前景.     

Effects of acid adaptation on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on modified atmosphere packaged vegetables

The survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes and L. innocua on ready-to-use (RTU) packaged vegetables (lettuce, swedes, dry coleslaw mix, bean-sprouts) were studied. The effects of acid adaptation of Listeria spp. on their survival during subsequent storage were also investigated. Listeria innocua behaviour was similar to that of L. monocytogenes on all vegetables examined. The survival and growth patterns of Listeria varied with the packaged product. Populations on packaged lettuce and swedes significantly increased ( P  < 0.05, by 1–1.5 log cycles) during a 14-day storage period. During the same period, Listeria counts gradually decreased (by 1–1.5 log cycles) on coleslaw mix. Acid adaptation enhanced survival of Listeria spp. during storage in packages of vegetables which had relatively high in-pack CO₂ levels (i.e. 25% in packaged coleslaw, bean-sprouts). It is concluded that adapting listerial cells to mildly acidic conditions rendered cultures more resistant to relatively high (25–30%) CO₂ atmospheres.     

Reduction of Pathogens Using Hot Water and Lactic Acid on Beef Trimmings

Beef trimmings from young or mature beef cattle were obtained commercially. Trimmings within age type then were inoculated with about 6.0 log₁₀ CFU/mL of rifampicin-resistant. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (control; 95 °C hot water alone, or with 2% L-lactic acid). After treatment, trimmings were ground, held for 0, 14, 28, or 42 d in chub packages at 4 °C, and total aerobic plat counts, E. coli O157:H7, and S. typhimurium counts were determined. Non-inoculated trimmings were also treated and samples were evaluated for pH, fat, moisture, TBA, meat color by colorimeter, and meat color, and odor by trained sensory panels. Trimmings treated with water or hot water plus lactic acid reduced levels of E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium and tended to be darker after treatment. Meat odor in the final product was not affected by treatment.     

Inhibitory parameters of the essential oil and various extracts of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu to reduce food spoilage and food-borne pathogens

The aim of this work was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil and various solvent extracts isolated from the floral cone of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu and to test their efficacy against a diverse range of organisms comprising food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC-MS. It was determined that 59 compounds, which represented 97.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contains mainly α-pinene (29.54%), totarol (9.37%), α-thujene (8.63%), bornylene (8.63%), β-caryophyllene (4.40%), totarol acetate (3.98%), δ-3-carene (3.19%) and 2-β-pinene (2.25%). The oil was found containing mainly the oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes and their respective hydrocarbons. Antibacterial activity of essential oil, methanol extract and various organic sub-fractions of methanol extract of M. glyptostroboides was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC determination test against eleven (four Gram-positive, seven Gram-negative) bacterial strains including food spoilage and food-borne pathogens. The essential oil (5 μl/ml, corresponding to 1000 ppm/disc), methanol extract and various organic sub-fractions (7.5 μl/ml, corresponding to 1500 ppm/disc) of M. glyptostroboides exhibited great potential of antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19166), Staphylococcus aureus (KCTC 1916), S. aureus (ATCC 6538) and one Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCTC 2004). The zones of inhibition of different concentrations of essential oil, methanol extract and its derived various organic sub-fractions against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 10 ∼ 20 mm and the MIC values were recorded between 125 and 1000 μg/ml. This study shows that M. glyptostroboides mediated essential oil and extracts can be applied in food industries as a natural preservatives or flavoring additives to control food spoilage and food-borne pathogenic bacteria causing severe destruction in food.     

Risk assessment and food-borne micro-organisms: the difficulties of biological diversity

Quantitative risk assessment to estimate the probability of adverse health consequences from microbial pathogens in foods has developed from techniques used to assess the risk associated with chemicals. The procedure is complicated by numerous variabilities and uncertainties. While many of the microbial hazards have been identified, dose-response data are limited and variable. Little information is available to characterize the potential for exposure. The accuracy of dose-response models used to calculate the probability of infection is highly dependent on the assumptions used. The risk assessment is complicated by the fact that microbial populations are not static in foods. Mathematical models can generate numerical estimates of risk which are used in risk management. An acceptable level of risk should be based on what is technically feasible and economically achievable.