松辽盆地朝长地区葡萄花油层成藏模式及控制因素

针对松辽盆地朝长地区葡萄花油层油气成藏模式及主控因素不清的难题,利用烃源岩评价、油源对比、疏导体系、油水关系、油藏类型以及油藏控制因素分析等技术方法,对葡萄花油层油气来源、成藏特征、主控因素和成藏模式进行了研究。结果表明：研究区内葡萄花油层原油主要来自西部的三肇凹陷和东部朝阳沟阶地局部地区青一段,还有一部分来自下伏扶杨油层;区内断裂可以分为油源断裂、疏导断裂和封闭断裂,其中疏导断裂在研究区中广泛分布;西北砂体主要为内前缘河道砂,东南部主要为外前缘席状砂,西北部砂体的储集性和物性好于东南部。综合分析认为,研究区油气成藏主要受烃源岩、油源断裂和砂体共同控制,成藏模式主要有“近源成藏”模式和“上倾成藏”模式两种。对朝长地区葡萄花油层油气成藏富集规律的研究,对下一步葡萄花油层确定勘探目标和储量预测具有指导意义。     

渤海湾盆地垦东地区新近系断裂特征及其控藏作用

利用基础地质、钻、测、录井及三维地震资料,结合相干分析技术,对渤海湾盆地垦东地区断裂几何学和运动学特征进行了研究,在此基础上分析了断裂对成藏要素的控制作用。结果表明,研究区主要发育NNE、NEE、NWW走向断裂体系,受郯庐断裂早期活动影响,研究区断裂活动具有古近纪“西强东弱”、“南强北弱”,新近系“西弱东强”、“南弱北强”的特点。不同成因类型断裂对成藏要素的控制作用不同,拉张型断裂主要形成简单断块型圈闭,张扭（扭张）型断裂形成复杂断块和断层—岩性圈闭,压扭型断裂形成背斜构造圈闭;断裂对储层的控制,表现在储集砂体临近张性断层、远离扭性断层发育的一般规律;拉张型、张扭（扭张）型断层和压扭型断层封闭性依次增强,油气一般在封闭性较强的油源断层附近富集。     

火山岩储层微观孔隙结构分类评价——以准噶尔盆地东部西泉地区石炭系火山岩为例

基于准噶尔盆地西泉地区火山岩储层特征研究较薄弱的现象,通过25口井的岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及高压压汞等分析,以产能大小为依据,将火山岩储层分为4类,对火山岩储集空间类型及组合、微观孔隙结构特征进行分类评价。根据研究区火山岩储层面孔率及优势储集空间组合关系：Ⅰ类为气孔+溶蚀扩大孔、溶蚀孔+裂缝型,Ⅱ类为气孔+构造缝（溶蚀缝）型,Ⅲ类为气孔+溶孔型,Ⅳ类为孤立小孔隙型,面孔率依次降低。火山岩储层不同类型微观孔隙结构特征表明：Ⅰ类储层发育大孔隙、粗喉道,为优势储集层;Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类储层发育大—中孔隙,中—细喉道,为较好到中—差储层;Ⅳ类储层发育小孔隙、细喉道,为致密储层。在此基础上,结合测井资料,建立了研究区火山岩储层分类评价标准。     

塔里木盆地巴楚地区寒武系肖尔布拉克组储层特征及成因模式

针对塔里木盆地巴楚地区肖尔布拉克组储层研究较为薄弱的问题,通过多口井岩心观察、薄片鉴定和地化分析,认为该区肖尔布拉克组主要发育晶粒白云岩和泥微晶白云岩,储层物性受岩石结构控制明显,其中细晶白云岩及粉晶白云岩孔渗性能最好。肖尔布拉克组储层储集空间以晶间孔、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝为主,整体上属于低排驱压力细-中孔喉道型,储集性能较好。储层经历多种白云石化作用改造,以埋藏白云石化作用为主,受一定热液作用影响。储层受喜马拉雅期构造作用影响较大,破裂形成的裂缝沟通残余孔隙,多期酸性流体渗入叠加改造,一定程度上增加了储集空间,形成现今优质储层。综合认为巴楚隆起肖尔布拉克组储层在多期构造断裂叠加区域储集能力最好。     

表面活性剂乳化能力差异对低渗油藏提高采收率的影响

表面活性剂驱是低渗透油藏提高采收率的重要技术手段之一,以往筛选活性剂基本以其降低油水界面张力的性能作为评价重点,而表面活性剂的油水乳化性能并未得到足够的重视。为研究油水乳化性能对低渗油藏提高采收率的影响,结合长庆低渗透油藏条件,选用具备相同超低界面张力但乳化能力有所差异的2种活性剂,利用均质、非均质岩心开展驱油实验。实验结果表明:同时具备超低界面张力和强乳化能力的活性剂BA,可在岩心入口段降低渗流阻力,同时实现岩心中部乳化封堵的效果,岩心中部残余阻力系数为2.08;而界面张力超低乳化能力较弱的活性剂TS,无法建立流动阻力,仅起到降压增注的作用。在非均质岩心驱油实验中,水驱后注入BA段塞0.6PV,建立了较高的驱替压力,扩大了波及系数,提高采收率11.46%,而活性剂TS提高采收率幅度为5.88%。     

Research on paraffin removal and prevention by Bacillus spp. in high-salinity reservoirs

Problems in paraffin deposition occur frequently in oil exploitation. Considering the problem that some paraffin removal and prevention strains cannot grow in high-salinity reservoirs, we domesticated four salt-tolerant laboratory bacterial strains. Crude oil emulsification effect, paraffin removal rate, and paraffin prevention rate of the strains were evaluated. KB and JH-A strains exhibited good paraffin removal and prevention effects, with paraffin removal rates of 51.82% and 81.56%; and 51.82% and 80.90%, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of paraffin components before and after biodegradation was performed on KB and JH-A strains. Results showed that relative contents of n-alkanes between C15–C23 and C27–C30 evidently decreased, indicating their good biodegradation. This technique provides a new method for practical application of paraffin removal and prevention in high-salinity reservoirs.     

Characteristics and favorable area prediction of Ordovician buried-hill carbonate reservoirs in the Bozhong 21–2 tectonic belt,Bohai Bay Basin,China

Based on core data, thin section and logging, this study investigates the basic characteristics and occurrence regularities of the Ordovician buried-hill carbonate reservoir in the Bozhong 21-2 tectonic belt. Results show that the reservoir lithology is primarily limestone, followed by dolomite, dolomitic limestone or limey dolomite, and silty mudstone. The reservoir spaces are primarily composed of secondary porosity. These reservoirs can be divided vertically into weathered-crust karst reservoirs and inner dissolution-type reservoirs. The distribution of reservoirs is controlled chiefly by karstification. The high karst units in the study area are favorable for the development of the two reservoir types.     

REGIONAL 3D MODELLING OF THE PERMO‐CARBONIFEROUS AL KHLATA FORMATION IN THE RIMA AREA,EASTERN FLANK OF THE SOUTH OMAN SALT BASIN

The glaciogenic Al Khlata Formation (Late Carboniferous – Early Permian) contains important reservoir and seal intervals in oil fields in southern Oman. Here we describe a 3D regional geological model of the Al Khlata Formation and the underlying Misfar Group in a 1750 km² area in the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin. The Misfar Group (Devonian‐Carboniferous?) was included in the model because it also contains glaciogenic facies in the study area. The 3D model is based on wireline logs from 42 wells, palynological zonation in 31 wells, cores from three wells, and a 2011 3D seismic dataset from which three horizons (top‐Huqf, top‐Rahab Shale and top‐Gharif) were interpreted throughout the study area. The combined Al Khlata and Misfar interval varies in thickness in the area from 20 to 730 m over relatively short distances. These large variations in thickness were due to the creation of accommodation in mini‐basins resulting from the removal of underlying Infracambrian salt at the basin margin. In places, some of the available accommodation was occupied by Cambrian sandstones of the Nimr Group and Haima Supergroup, influencing the location and thickness of the Al Khlata mini‐basins. These local depocentres vary in scale, shape and orientation relative to the present‐day salt edge: some are ovoid in plan‐view, others more linear and parallel to the salt edge, and one takes the form of a narrow graben almost perpendicular to the salt edge. By the Early Permian, towards the end of Al Khlata time, deposits become more blanket‐like and uniform, indicating an external or more regional control on base level. Four key lithofacies have been distinguished from wireline logs and were populated zone‐by‐zone through the geological model: sandstone (reservoir), shale (seal), and sandy and silty diamictite. Sandstones are most common towards the base of the Misfar – Al Khlata interval and shales towards the top. The Rahab Shale (Early Permian) at the top of the Al Khlata Formation forms an important seal for oil fields in South Oman, often in combination with seals in overlying intervals. The Rahab Shale was the first widespread seal to be deposited which may have trapped oil migrating from the South Oman Salt Basin during the Palaeozoic. The most common lithofacies in the Misfar – Al Khlata interval in the modelled area is diamictite (60%), which is normally considered to be a waste‐rock lithology. However thick silty diamictites of sufficient extent can seal hydrocarbon accumulations, and some sandy diamictites have the potential to be unconventional reservoir rocks. Even after 50 years of exploration and production of oil from the Al Khlata Formation, there remains potential for further discoveries and overlooked pay zones due to its heterogeneous character and the occurrence of intra‐formational seals.     

FACIES HETEROGENEITIES IN A RAMP CARBONATE RESERVOIR ANALOGUE: A NEW HIGH‐RESOLUTION APPROACH FOR 3D FACIES MODELLING

In contrast to the conventional view that facies distribution patterns on carbonate ramps are relatively simple, outcrop analogue studies point to a high degree of internal facies complexity. Depending on the diagenetic overprint, this complex pattern may result in reservoir compartmentalization due to the presence of interflow baffles. The often subseismic scale heterogeneities may not be included in conventional reservoir modelling. In order to evaluate how facies heterogeneities in shoal reservoirs can be modelled realistically, this paper presents a facies modelling workflow which includes a new approach to the design of training images for multiple‐point statistics (MPS). The workflow was developed in the course of a reservoir outcrop analogue study of a Ladinian (Middle Triassic) coquinadominated shoal complex in SW Germany which was deposited on an epicontinental, gently inclined carbonate ramp. The data set was based on an intensive field study and includes 3D facies and sequence stratigraphic analyses of the largest shoal complex in the Quaderkalk Formation (Upper Muschelkalk). This several metre thick shoal complex represents a subseismic scale, bioclast‐rich reservoir analogue and has a very heterogeneous facies pattern. Integrating 1D facies logs and sequence stratigraphic trends from tens of outcrop sections and cores, two nested 3D geocellular facies models were produced: (i) a large‐scale (30 × 30 km) model based on truncated Gaussian simulation (TGS); this formed the basis for (ii) a smaller‐scale (10 × 10 km), more detailed model based on multiple point statistics. In addition, a new approach for training image design was developed to honour small‐scale sequence stratigraphic trends and lateral facies patterns observed in modern analogues. Compared to facies patterns in modern analogues, the large‐scale model presents geologically‐feasible facies distribution patterns and geometries, and in addition shows a vertical facies distribution which is similar to the observed sequence stratigraphic architecture of the outcrop data‐set used. Due to the new training image design, the final small‐scale model has a distribution pattern of facies heterogeneities which looks similar to modern facies distributions in the offshore UAE and thus represents a valuable method of producing realistic reservoir facies models. The modelling workflow and the new approach for training image design presented will help to reduce uncertainties in the understanding and modelling of subsurface reservoirs by using a systematic combination of outcrop data and modern analogues, with the consistent application of sequence stratigraphic principles. In addition, this study emphasises the importance of careful training image design, derived from modern analogues, which can be used as realistic inputs in order to optimize multiple point simulations, and which may be applied to producing bioclastic reservoirs such as those located on the Arabian Plate or offshore Brazil.     

PALAEO‐EXPOSURE SURFACES IN THE APTIAN DARIYAN FORMATION,OFFSHORE SW IRAN: GEOCHEMISTRY AND RESERVOIR IMPLICATIONS

Palaeo‐exposure surfaces within and at the top of the carbonate‐dominated Aptian Dariyan Formation have been poorly studied in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. This paper presents an integrated sedimentological and geochemical study of the Dariyan Formation at four oil and gas fields located in the western, central and eastern parts of the Gulf. Facies stacking patterns in general indicate shallowing‐upwards trends toward the exposure surfaces, which are interpreted to correspond to unconformities. The Dariyan Formation in the study area is divided into upper and lower carbonate units by a deep‐water, high‐gamma shale‐marl interval. At fields in the western and central Gulf, significant diagenetic changes were recorded in the top of the upper carbonate unit, including meteoric dissolution and cementation, brecciation and paleosol formation. An exposure surface is also present at the top of the lower carbonate unit in all the fields in the study area, and is associated with meteoric dissolution and cementation of grain‐dominated facies. Age calibration of studied intervals was carried out using microfossil assemblages including benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Negative excursions of both δ¹⁸O (?10‰ VPDB) and δ¹³C (?0.66‰ VPDB) were recorded in weathered intervals located below the unconformity surfaces. A sequence stratigraphic framework for the Dariyan Formation was established by integrating sedimentological, palaeontological and geochemical data. The δ¹³C curve for the formation in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf can be correlated with the reference curve for the northern Neotethys and used as a basis for regional stratigraphic correlation. Where the top‐Aptian unconformity is present, it has resulted in an enhancement of the reservoir characteristics of the underlying carbonate succession. Accordingly, the best reservoir zones in the Dariyan Formation occur in the upper parts of the lower and upper carbonate units which are bounded above by significant palaeo‐exposure surfaces.