A new surface characterization technique: RIMAPS (Rotated Image with Maximum Average Power Spectrum)

This work introduces a new imaging technique, Rotated Image with Maximum Average Power Spectrum (RIMAPS), for use in determining orientation and characteristics of surface topography. It consists of computing the maximum value of the averaged power spectrum, given by one step of the two‐dimensional Fourier transform, for each angle of rotation of a digitized image. The basic measurement science of this technique is described and different cases are studied. The characterization of simple geometrical figures explains the meaning of peaks and their angular positions given by RIMAPS analysis. A known surface pattern made on a sample of pure copper, mechanically ground, is used to study reproducibility, dependence on image quality and topography scale relative to pixel size and magnification. Samples of pure zinc, mechanically ground and chemically etched, were used to show the main features of RIMAPS analysis when characterizing a more complicated pattern on a real surface. All the studies performed under different conditions for observation and acquisition of images give strong evidence of the stability and robustness of RIMAPS as a technique for the characterization of topography.     

APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE MAXIMIZATION OF CONCORA CRUSH RESISTANCE OF PAPERBOARD

Response surface methodology is often used by researchers in different fields to determine the optimum values for controlled variables to maximize or minimize the response variables. Either maximization or minimization might be necessary depending on the response property. For example, if the response variable represents the yield of a process, maximization could be necessary; on the other hand, if the response variable is the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of an effluent the aim would definitely be minimization

Response surface methodology can be used two ways. It can be applied to the full-scale production or it can be scaled to a laboratory or the pilot plant. When applied to the full-scale production, the method is known as evolutionary operation (EVOP). EVOP is the continuous optimization of a process. The optimum conditions in a production plant can change depending on many factors such as raw material, ambient temperature, and equipment wear. Therefore, controlled variables should be optimized continuously to keep the response variable as close as possible to the maximum or minimum value. Hence, controlled variables are systematically changed around a center point to depict any shift of the response variable from the extreme. A thorough discussion of EVOP is given by Box, Evolutionary Operation: A Method for Increasing Industrial Productivity, Appl. Statist., 6, 81-101 (1957).     

家电产品常用板材的选用

本文首先介绍国内和日本、德国、俄罗斯等国冷轧薄钢板及镀锌薄钢板的牌号、标记识别及生产地及与我国家标准薄钢板牌号的相互之间的关系，并比较具体地介绍冷轧板的实效性、镀锌薄钢板的锌层特性等诸多方面的状况。从而帮助我们在设计、制造家电产品中，比较正确地选择合适的板材。     

Effects of temperature, ammonium and glucose concentrations on yeast growth in a model wine system

In enology, alcoholic fermentation is a complex process involving several mechanisms. Slow and incomplete alcoholic fermentation is a chronic problem for the wine industry and factors leading to sluggish and stuck fermentations have been extensively studied and reviewed. The most studied cause of sluggish and stuck fermentation is the nitrogen content limitation. Nevertheless, other factors, such as temperature of fermentation and sugar concentration can affect the growth of yeasts. In this study we modelled the yeast growth‐cycle in wine model system as a function of temperature, sugar and ammonium concentrations; the individual effects and the interaction of these factors were analysed by means of a quadratic response surface methodology. Cell concentrations and weight loss were monitored in the whole wine fermentation process. The results of central composite design show that lower is the availability of nitrogen, higher is the cell growth rate; moreover, initial nitrogen concentration also influences survival time of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

纳米二氧化钛的表面修饰与应用的研究进展

介绍了纳米二氧化钛表面修饰的两种主要方法:无机和有机表面包覆,以及进行修饰后的纳米二氧化钛的应用.     

Low surface energy films based on partially fluorinated isocyanates: the effects of curing temperature

Self-stratification strategy can be used to prepare films in which both bulk and surface properties can be optimized. By using this approach, only a very small quantity of fluorinated species is needed to generate a surface with low surface energy. When cross-linking is involved during film formation, we are dealing with a competition behavior between the diffusion of fluorinated species and the formation of cross-linked network. In this study low surface energy polymeric films were prepared on the basis of partially fluorinated polyisocyanates, in combination with hydroxyl-end-capped three-armed solventless liquid oligoesters and modified hyperbranched polyesters. At a fluorine concentration of only 0.5 wt.%, contact angles of water and hexadecane can reach 120° and 80°, respectively. A surface energy as low as 10–15 mN/m can be obtained upon the addition of less than 1 wt.% of fluorine in the films. It was shown, from real time ATR-FTIR and contact angle measurements, that the curing temperatures demonstrated significant effects on the cross-linking rate as well as on the wettability of the films.     

化学镀工艺在微电子材料中的研究和应用

简要综述了化学镀工艺在微电子材料中的应用,讨论了影响化学镀镍、铜、锡、钴和贵金属等的主要因素,阐述了化学镀微电子材料的特性、存在问题及研究动态。     

Influence of process variables on the drying of potato slices

Investigation of the effects of varying air velocity, slice thickness, and pre-treatment with sodium chloride solutions and surface active agents on drying potato slices indicated that the drying occurred entirely in the falling rate period and was controlled by the mechanism of liquid diffusion. The rate of drying, and therefore the diffusion coefficients, increased with the addition of sodium chloride and surface active agents. Diffusion coefficients were also influenced by air velocity and slice thickness, suggesting that the rate of drying of potato slices is controlled by a combination of internal and external resistances.     

Applications of the 4×4 determinant method and the POLYGON ENGINE

In the first half of the paper, various types of processing pertaining to a polygon, using the 4×4 determinant theories are explained along with a new containment test algorithm of a point in a polygon. In the latter half of the paper, a general-purpose geometric processor, the POLYGON ENGINE, is presented which can deal with various types of interference problems, such as Boolean operations in solid modelling, hidden line and surface eliminations, ray tracing and so on. It is, a successor of the TRIANGLE PROCESSOR and is also based upon the 4×4 determinant theories [4–6]. While the TRIANGLE PROCESSOR processes a triangulated polygon on a triangle-by-triangle basis, the POLYGON ENGINE can treat a polygon without triangulation. The latter is expected to be more functional, more efficient and easier to use.