Sn-Ag3.0-Cu0.5/Cu金属间化合物生长行为及其对PBGA焊点热疲劳可靠性的影响

利用SMT全自动回流焊机和高温恒温试验箱,制备出经2次回流焊且不同时效处理时间的Sn-Ag3.0-Cu0.5/Cu焊点试件,对其金属间化合物（IMC）的厚度进行测量,发现其厚度的增长与时效时间的平方根近似成线性关系。采用统一粘塑性Anand本构模型来描述焊点的力学性能,运用有限元计算软件ANSYS对PBGA构件进行热循环模拟,对其在不同IMC厚度下的应力和应变响应进行分析。结果表明,芯片右下方焊点右上角热循环结束后累积的等效塑性应变最大,是整个PBGA构件的关键焊点;随着IMC厚度的增加,关键焊点热循环过程中的等效应力水平不断降低,相应剪切塑性应变范围Δγ不断增大,热疲劳寿命Nf则不断降低;升温和高温保温过程中剪切塑性应变的增加量构成了剪切塑性应变范围Δγ,且不同IMC厚度下升温段剪切塑性应变增加量占Δγ的比例基本维持在95%左右     

The Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of CXC Chemokines and CXC Chemokine Receptors—A Review of Literature

Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor (NF-κB), with cycling hypoxia showing a stronger proinflammatory influence. One of the systems affected by hypoxia is the CXC chemokine system. This paper reviews all available information on hypoxia-induced changes in the expression of all CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 (SDF-1), CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL15, CXCL16, CXCL17) as well as CXC chemokine receptors—CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXCR7 and CXCR8. First, we present basic information on the effect of these chemoattractant cytokines on cancer processes. We then discuss the effect of hypoxia-induced changes on CXC chemokine expression on the angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and recruitment of various cells to the tumor niche, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), regulatory T cells (T_regs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Finally, the review summarizes data on the use of drugs targeting the CXC chemokine system in cancer therapies.     

粉末粒度对AB5型合金电化学性能的影响

研究了粉末粒度对AB5型储氢合金电化学性能的影响.结果表明当合金粉末粒度为22.49～163.8 μm时,随粉末粒度的减小,储氢合金电极的电化学容量降低;由于粉末粒度大的电极负极充放电循环寿命的衰减率小于粉末粒度小的衰减率,所以随粉末粒度的减小,储氢合金电极材料充放电循环寿命缩短.     

用先进适用技术和高新技术提升我国传统法尿素装置(2)--传统21法

传统21法是针对我国传统法尿素工艺存在的问题,在汲取了ACES21法和NH3汽提法两流程优点的基础上组合而成的技术改造流程,属于提高第一分解回收段压力的汽提法技改方案。论述了该技改方案的技术基础、流程选择、化工过程、技术关键,以及传统21法的技术特点和工艺流程。作者提出了由传统21法工艺技术和DCS＋3个高级控制系统组合而成的提升我国传统法尿素装置的技改方案。     

估算低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命和疲劳极限的新方法

本文建立了估算低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命的新方法,并首次提出了金属疲劳极限的热激活模型。该模型可定量地解释温度和频率对疲劳极限的影响。研究结果表明,提出的应变疲劳公式可很好地拟合低温下金属材料应变疲劳寿命的实验结果;疲劳极限可表示成非热激活分量σ_(ai)(ε_(apc))和热激活分量σ_a~*(T,ε_p)之和;σ_(ai)(ε_(apc))是与温度和频率(或应变速率)无关的材料常数;σ_a~*(T,ε_p)与流变应力的热激活分量近似相等。最后用文献中的实验数据对本文提出的低温下就应变疲劳寿命和疲劳极限的估算方法进行了验证。     

压制参数对TATB基PBX膨胀特性的影响

对采用不同工艺参数(压力、药温)压制成型的TATB基PBX药柱进行了热循环试验。研究了压制参数对TATB基PBX药柱膨胀特性的影响,并对其影响机理进行了分析。结果表明,在药温恒定(110℃)条件下,增加压制压力,药柱轴向高度的不可逆膨胀增大,而药柱体积的不可逆膨胀却减小;压力恒定(170M Pa)时,降低药温,药柱轴向高度和整体体积的不可逆膨胀都有所减小。分析认为这是由于不同压制参数导致成型过程晶体取向度不同和晶体破碎程度不同所引起的。     

高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维改性混凝土的耐热性和热损伤规律

利用高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维对混凝土进行了改性,并通过强度试验及波速测试对改性混凝土在热循环后的力学特性和热损伤规律进行了研究.强度试验表明:热循环对改性混凝土的强度退化具有积累效果;适量的高炉镍铁渣和钢纤维可以提高混凝土的耐热性,但过多的钢纤维会降低混凝土的耐热性;其中钢纤维的最佳掺量为0.5％ ～1.0％(体积分数).波...     

Significance of soil depth on nitrogen transformations in flooded and nonflooded systems under laboratory conditions

The influence of different depths of repacked soil cores on changes in N transformation processes was studied with a subtropical semi-arid soil amended with 100 mg N kg^-1 of Sesbania green manure (GM) or fertilizer (NH₄)₂SO₄ for 35 days under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Shallow soil depth enhanced the rate of nitrification, particularly where aeration was impeded in flooded soils. However, the opposite occurred for denitrification as the relative predominance of underlying anoxic zone increased with increase in soil depth. Nitrate produced in the thin oxic surface soil layer and overlying water in flooded soils was subsequently lost via denitrification, more rapidly where carbon was supplied by added GM. Decomposition of GM was rapid and apparent recovery of applied 100 mg GM-N kg^-1 soil as mineral N after 35 days in flooded soils was 8, 26, 30 and 38% in 1.25-, 2.5-, 5.0- and 7.5-cm deep soil cores, respectively. Soil ammonium-N declined rapidly after an initial rise during decomposition of GM in soil in the shallow soil depth. In contrast, no such decline in NH ₄ ⁺ -N was observed in deep soil cores. In conclusion, the use of shallow soil depths during laboratory incubations can lead to variable results under flooded conditions. To simulate field conditions for obtaining reliable and quantitative information regarding N transformations in soils under flooded conditions, soil depths of 7.5 cm or greater should be used for laboratory incubations and growth chamber studies.     

Damage Behavior of SnAgCu Solder under Thermal Cycling

电子封装焊点的热循环失效是焊点材料损伤逐步发展的结果,本工作旨在对SnAgCu钎料的热循环损伤失效行为进行研究.以连续损伤力学理论为基础,提出了一种适用于热循环条件下SnAgCu钎料蠕变-疲劳交互作用的损伤模型.据此,设计了热力循环实验和热循环实验用以标定损伤模型相关参量.自行设计了双金属剪切加载装置并结合温度循环实验,对SnAgCu钎料的热力耦合损伤行为进行了深入研究.以电阻变化率作为损伤变量,并在热循环的不同周次测量试样的损伤值从而验证损伤模型.结果表明:所提出的幂函数形式的损伤模型能较好的描述SnAgCu钎料的热循环损伤演变.最后,对热循环条件下SnAgCu钎料试样的微观组织演变进行了SEM分析,从而揭示其损伤演变机理.     

Large scale integration of wind power: moderating thermal power plant cycling

Power plant cycling in thermal plants typically implies high costs and emissions. It is, therefore, important to find ways to reduce the influence of variations in wind power generation on these plants without forsaking large amounts of wind power. Using a unit commitment model, this work investigates the possibility to reduce variations by means of a moderator, such as a storage unit or import/export capacity. The relation between the reduction in CO₂‐emissions and the power rating of the moderator is investigated, as well as the benefit of a moderator which handles weekly variations compared with a moderator which has to be balanced on a daily basis. It is found that a daily balanced moderator yields a decrease in emissions of about 2% at 20% wind power grid penetration. The reduction in emissions is mainly due to an avoidance of start‐up and part load emissions and a moderator of modest power rating is sufficient to achieve most of this decrease. In the case of a weekly balanced moderator, emissions are reduced as the moderator power rating increases. At 40% wind power grid penetration, a weekly balanced moderator reduces emissions with up to 11%. The major part of this reduction is due to the avoidance of wind power curtailment. The simulated benefit (CO₂‐emissions and costs) from adding a general moderator is compared with emissions from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies and cost data of five available moderator technologies; transmission capacity, pumped hydro power, compressed air energy storage, flow batteries and sodium sulphur batteries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.