多种固化材料对重金属污染底泥稳定化的研究

采用毒性浸出方法,考察了固化材料生石灰、沸石、硅藻土、活性炭、磷酸二氢钾对底泥中重金属的稳定化效果。结果发现,当生石灰与磷酸二氢钾添加量为120 g/kg干底泥时,底泥中锰的浸出浓度下降了80%以上,镉的浸出浓度下降了90%以上,铅的浸出浓度下降了70%以上,铜的浸出浓度下降了85%以上,锌的浸出浓度下降了85%以上。     

蒙药复方三子汤组分药材川楝子与栀子、诃子配伍前后栀子苷含量的HPLC法测定及其小鼠急性肝毒性研究

建立了蒙药复方三子汤组分药材川楝子、栀子与诃子配伍前后栀子苷含量变化的HPLC分析方法;三子汤组分药材川楝子与栀子、诃子配伍前后小鼠急性肝毒性分析方法。采用Hypersil ODS C18色谱分离柱,以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=15∶85为流动相,流速1 m L/min,检测波长238 nm,HPLC法测定栀子苷含量。小鼠给药,禁食12 h,采血,分离血清,测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量。取小鼠肝脏,称重,制成匀浆,离心,取上清液,测定肝匀浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量。结果表明,栀子与川楝子、诃子按等质量比配伍后,栀子苷含量均比单味药材栀子中栀子苷含量降低,且对小鼠肝毒性明显降低。因此,三子汤三味药材等质量比配伍,能降低蒙药复方三子汤的毒性。     

Induction of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana after Uranium Exposure at pH 7.5

To evaluate the environmental impact of uranium (U) contamination, it is important to investigate the effects of U at ecologically relevant conditions. Since U speciation, and hence its toxicity, strongly depends on environmental pH, the present study aimed to investigate dose-dependent effects of U at pH 7.5. Arabidopsis thaliana plants (Mouse-ear Cress) were exposed for three days to different U concentrations at pH 7.5. In the roots, the increased capacities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase indicate an important role for the ascorbate-glutathione cycle during U-induced stress. However, a significant decrease in the ascorbate redox state was observed after exposure to 75 and 100 µM U, indicating that those roots are severely stressed. In accordance with the roots, the ascorbate-glutathione cycle plays an important role in the antioxidative defence systems in A. thaliana leaves exposed to U at pH 7.5 as the ascorbate and glutathione biosynthesis were upregulated. In addition, small inductions of enzymes of the antioxidative defence system were observed at lower U concentrations to counteract the U-induced stress. However, at higher U concentrations it seems that the antioxidative defence system of the leaves collapses as reductions in enzyme activities and gene expression levels were observed.     

化学沉淀法固化/稳定化除砷研究进展

化学沉淀法利用(亚)砷酸根(AsO33-/AsO43-)与多种金属阳离子形成难溶化合物,进而实现砷的固化/稳定化,在含砷废水除砷及含砷废弃物固化方面被广泛应用.本文简要介绍了国内外在化学沉淀法固化/稳定化除砷技术方面的研究现状,对不同低溶解度砷酸盐,包括砷酸钙(Ca-As盐)、臭葱石(FeAsO4·2H2O)、砷铝石(AlAsO4· 2H2O),及含砷明矾石族矿物(砷黄钾铁矾(KFe3(SO4)2.x(AsO4)x(OH)6)、砷钠明矾石(NaAl3(SO4)2-x(AsO4)x(OH)6)的砷毒性浸出特性进行了对比分析.研究表明:低溶解度的砷酸盐(砷酸钙、臭葱石、砷铝石)的砷浸出浓度均较高,超过5 mg/L,不利于长期堆存.而砷黄钾铁矾和砷钠明矾石固溶体具有溶解度低,固砷效率高等优点,其中砷钠明矾石固溶体具有更好的中长期稳定性,在pH为5～8时,其砷浸出浓度为0.01 ～0.1 mg/L.由此可见,利用砷钠明矾石固溶体固砷有望成为处理含砷废水和含砷废渣的一种潜在手段.     

饮用水消毒副产物生物毒性与调控策略的研究

饮用水消毒可以有效除去病毒、细菌等有害微生物,但消毒剂会与水中的有机物反应生成多种消毒副产物(DBPs),危害人类健康。基于对消毒副产物种类、生成及污染现状的探讨,归纳总结了DBPs的典型生物毒性及其毒性作用机制。为有效防控DBPs环境风险,深入探讨了针对去除DBPs前体物、优化消毒剂及消毒过程、DBPs毒性的调控策略。最后对DBPs生物毒性作用机制及调控策略的研究进行了展望,为DBPs污染防治提供理论与技术支持。     

低烟低毒天然橡胶用半聚脲阻燃涂料的制备与性能研究

介绍了天然橡胶用低烟低毒半聚脲阻燃涂料的原材料、基本配方、制备工艺和施工方法,其特点是涂料具有和基材相近的弹性和良好的附着力,所研制的涂料附着力1级,防腐蚀性能优异,氧指数大于30,烟密度小于200,烟毒性小于0．035,涂层可涂覆天然橡胶器件,不影响器件的减隔振效果同时起到一定的阻燃效果,在轨道交通等领域具有较好的应用前景     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(V)——PFOS的短碳氟链替代品

主要介绍PFOS的短碳氟链替代品,分析短碳氟链产品作为替代品的可行性依据、性能和环境行为,进一步讨论短碳氟链替代品的研究进展和优化策略,并指出短碳氟链产品当前面临的问题。     

HPLC法测定拳参中绿原酸和没食子酸含量

采用高效液相二极管阵列检测法同时测定拳参提取物中绿原酸和没食子酸含量。采用ZORBAX SB-C18柱(4.6 mm×0.25 mm,5μm),以体积分数0.2%磷酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相,流速1 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长273和327 nm。两种物质加标回收率为95%~105%,峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(r0.999 5)。     

Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Gut Villi in Danio rerio

In aquatic organisms, cadmium exposure occurs from ovum to death and the route of absorption is particularly wide, being represented by skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract, through which contaminated water and/or preys are ingested. It is known that cadmium interferes with the gut; however, less information is available on cadmium effects on an important component of the gut, namely goblet cells, specialized in mucus synthesis. In the present work, we studied the effects of two sublethal cadmium concentrations on the gut mucosa of Danio rerio. Particular attention was paid to changes in the distribution of glycan residues, and in metallothionein expression in intestinal cells. The results show that cadmium interferes with gut mucosa and goblet cells features. The effects are dose- and site-dependent, the anterior gut being more markedly affected than the midgut. Cadmium modifies the presence and/or distribution of glycans in the brush border and cytoplasm of enterocytes and in the goblet cells’ cytoplasm and alters the metallothionein expression and localization. The results suggest a significant interference of cadmium with mucosal efficiency, representing a health risk for the organism in direct contact with contamination and indirectly for the trophic chain.