ZM5镁合金TIG焊接接头组织与力学性能

采用TIG焊对ZM5镁合金进行焊接,利用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和拉伸试验机对ZM5镁合金接头的组织特征和力学性能进行研究。结果表明:ZM5合金TIG焊接接头是由热影响区、部分重熔区和焊缝组成。热影响区组织是由初生α-Mg相基体和主要分布在晶界上的α-Mg+β-Mg17Al12共晶相组成;部分重熔区中共晶相不仅大量析出在晶界上,在晶内也呈现出较均匀的弥散析出,而且其β-Mg17Al12相出现显著长大;焊缝组织则是典型的树枝晶形貌,枝晶为初生α-Mg相,枝晶间是α+β共晶相。组织形貌的差异导致接头各区域有着不同的显微硬度,也使得接头的抗拉强度和塑性都低于母材。     

低碳钢薄壁焊管液压胀形行为

为了研究焊管液压胀形过程的变形行为,在管材胀形性能测试系统上进行了不同长径比条件下低碳钢(STKM11A)薄壁焊管的胀形实验,获得了焊管的壁厚分布规律、胀形区轮廓形状、极限膨胀率和应变分布规律。结果表明:管材焊缝区的减薄率仅为2.4%~5.5%,等效应变仅为0.05~0.10,变形程度相对母材区较小,主要发生几何位置移动。环向壁厚的最薄点位于以焊缝为中心的对称两侧士30°位置处。随着胀形区长度增大,管材破裂压力、减薄量、极限膨胀率均发生减小,胀形区轮廓逐渐偏离椭圆形,当长径比达到2.0时,已不再适合用椭圆函数描述。此外,胀形区长度增大过程中,管材从双拉向平面应变状态发生转变,在此基础上建立了焊管的成形极限图。     

超声冲击对高速列车转向架焊接十字接头超高周疲劳性能的影响

针对高速列车转向架在实际运用中出现的疲劳问题,利用HJ-Ⅲ型超声冲击处理装置,对高速列车转向架用SAM490BW钢十字接头焊趾进行超声冲击处理,并对处理后接头的超高周疲劳性能进行研究。结果表明,原始焊态试样和超声冲击态试样的S-N曲线均出现了传统意义上的水平段。超声冲击处理试样的疲劳强度相比于未处理试样提高了25%。经过超声冲击处理后,疲劳裂纹源的数量由多个变为单个,焊接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数下降了32.4%,降低了裂纹萌生概率;超声冲击降低了焊趾区域的残余拉应力,并诱发产生残余压应力,高达-255.5 MPa;焊趾表层晶粒得到细化,晶粒平均尺寸小于100nm;裂纹在塑性变形区扩展路径变长。     

粉煤灰/二氧化硅活性剂在Q235钢A-TIG焊中的应用

为了探究粉煤灰作为A-TIG焊活性剂的可行性,以粉煤灰和不同含量的二氧化硅制备复合活性剂在Q235钢基体表面进行A-TIG焊,研究了复合活性剂成分含量对焊缝截面形貌、显微组织和元素分布的影响.结果表明:采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2作为复合活性剂进行A-TIG焊时,可将6 mm厚Q235钢板一次性焊透,焊缝深宽比可达到0.85;焊缝出现明显的中间收缩倾向,呈"深口杯"状,可实现单道焊双面成型的效果;其焊缝柱状晶数目较多、组织排列规则且具有方向性,熔合区和热影响区组织均匀细小,可降低焊接母材的过热倾向;相对于100%SiO_2活性剂,Si元素的溶入量和溶入深度显著增加,这说明粉煤灰中其他成分的存在对Si元素溶入焊缝、进而增加焊缝熔深起到促进作用.采用粉煤灰-40%SiO_2为活性剂进行A-TIG焊时焊缝熔深的增加机理可能是以电弧收缩理论为主,但考虑到Al元素溶入较深且溶入量较多,粉煤灰中其他物相又十分复杂,在高温电弧作用下各物相之间相互反应放热致使电弧热输入增加、其他组分在熔池中改变了熔池表面张力温度梯度等均可能致使焊缝熔深增加.     

窄间隙P-GMAW多信息融合侧壁熔合状态识别研究

窄间隙焊缝坡口间距小且焊道较深,摆动中心与焊缝中心偏差较大时,坡口两侧侧壁受热不良,易发生未熔合缺陷。为了及时了解窄间隙侧壁熔合情况,掌握侧壁内部焊接质量,本文提出了一种基于BP神经网络和D-S证据理论的多信息融合方法,预测侧壁熔合状态。对窄间隙焊接未熔合缺陷产生机制进行了分析,研究发现焊接电弧信号和熔池变化与侧壁成形质量存在密切关系,为此进行了一系列偏差实验,建立了电弧电信号和电弧熔池图像信号的实时采集系统,采用批量特征提取算法,提取了与侧壁熔合状态密切关联的峰值电流、峰值电压、电弧弧长、熔池长宽比、熔池面积和熔池周长等特征参量。采用BP算法训练神经网络,在此基础上通过D-S证据理论进行决策级融合。实验结果表明,该模型识别率可达96.667%,避免了神经网络识别时的误诊,获得了比单一传感信息更好的预测结果,提高了熔合状态识别的准确度和可靠度。     

钢管结构K型搭接节点滞回性能参数分析

为揭示K型搭接节点隐藏焊缝焊与不焊对节点抗震性能的影响,优化了该类节点的施工工艺.按照影响钢管结构搭接节点的关键参数β、γ、τ,设计了基本试件及参数试件,采用ANSYS非线性有限元法,对钢管结构K型搭接节点隐藏焊缝焊与不焊进行了数值模拟,得到了各参数试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线和延性性能等抗震性能指标.研究结果表明,β、γ、τ参数变化对节点承载力的影响不是十分显著,隐藏焊缝不焊接节点的滞回性能及延性优越于隐藏焊缝焊接的节点.支主管直径比β越大,节点延性越好;主管径厚比γ越大,节点延性越差.支主管厚度比τ对节点延性影响不大,尤其是τ对隐藏焊缝不焊接节点的延性基本没有影响.     

5083-H321铝合金板材搅拌摩擦焊缝组织演变

采用搅拌摩擦焊接法焊接了5083-H321铝合金板材,借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射分析仪及取向显微成像分析技术对焊缝与母材的组织进行了对比性研究.结果表明,该合金板材的焊缝无宏观缺陷,焊缝成形区呈现出与母材明显不同的组织特征;搅拌摩擦焊使该合金板材中大量的小角度晶界转化为大角度晶界,母材和焊核区的晶粒尺寸分布范围分别为6-55 μm及15-30 μm,晶粒纵横比分布范围分别为2~8和15-3,焊核区呈现均匀化与等轴化的动态再结晶特征.     

Probabilistic analysis of mechanical properties of WWER-1000 reactor pressure vessel materials

The variance of strength and plastic characteristics of 15Kh2NMFA steel and its welds is assessed by the results of statistical analysis of material mechanical properties for nineteen WWER-1000 reactor pressure vessels manufactured by Izhorskii and Atommash factories. The values determined with a 95% probability are well within the limits specified by the applicable regulations. The parameters which are needed for the statistical brittle-strength analysis of a reactor pressure vessel are presented with the same veracity. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 2, pp. 15–28, March–April, 2006.     

Modeling of failure near spot welds in lap-shear specimens based on a plane stress rigid inclusion analysis

In this paper, the failure mechanism of resistance spot welds in dual-phase steel lap-shear specimens is investigated based on experimental observations, two-dimensional elasticity theories and two-dimensional finite element analyses. Optical micrographs of the cross sections of spot welds in lap-shear specimens of a dual-phase steel before and after failure are first examined to understand the failure mechanism. The experimental results suggest that under lap-shear loading conditions, a necking failure is initiated near the middle of the nugget circumference in the base metal and then the failure propagates along the nugget circumference in the sheet to final fracture. Based on the stress function approach of the elasticity theory, an analytic solution for an infinite plate containing a rigid inclusion subjected to a resultant shear force is developed and used to investigate the stress and strain distributions near the nugget in lap-shear specimens. The results of the elastic analytic solution and those of a two-dimensional elastic finite element analysis indicate that the initial yielding starts on the two side edges of the inclusion in the sheet. However, the results of a two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis indicate that as the applied displacement increases, the maximum equivalent plastic strain shifts from the two side edges of the inclusion to the middle of the inclusion along the inclusion circumference in the sheet. The computational results suggest that the location of the initial necking failure should occur near the middle of the nugget circumference in the sheet as observed in experiments based on the forming limit diagram (FLD) for ductile sheet metals.     

乙烯裂解炉辐射段炉管Cr20Ni32Nb材料的焊接工艺

乙烯裂解炉炉管采用的高铬镍合金材料在焊接过程中易出现热裂纹的问题,针对该问题,在工程实际中对乙烯裂解炉辐射段炉管材料—Cr20Ni32Nb进行焊接性分析和焊接工艺评定,采用“超合金化”焊接材料,并制定合理的焊接工艺,成功地解决了Cr20Ni32Nb高铬镍材料离心铸造炉管的焊接热裂纹问题。