基于GA和FEM的夹具布局和变夹紧力优化设计

通过夹具布局和夹紧力大小的优化可以提高薄壁件加工精度．建立了夹具布局和变夹紧力分层优化模型．首先,以工件加工变形最小化和变形最均匀化为目标函数,对夹具布局进行优化设计;其次,基于优化的夹具布局对变夹紧力进行设计．采用有限元法计算工件的加工变形,加工变形求解时综合考虑了接触力、摩擦力、切削力、夹紧力和切屑的影响．采用遗传算法求解优化模型,获得优化的夹具布局和变夹紧力．通过实例分析,验证了分层优化设计方法可以进一步减小工件加工变形,提高加工变形均匀度．     

城市空间扩张及结构演化的制度因素分析

改革开放以来,中国城市的发展环境发生了巨大的变迁,制度力成为深刻影响城市空间扩张与结构演变的关键因素。在转型期,中国只有加快推进地方政府企业化治理体系,土地制度、土地规制等相应的制度性变革,才是实现城市空间的集约增长、理性增长和结构优化的根本之策。     

注水井投球调剖工艺的理论与实验研究

报道了本课题中5个方面的研究结果。①将注水在炮眼附近的流场看作大空间内细支管的向外射流，简化为二堆问题。数值求解注水的控制方程，得到了主管流速一定、支管流量比不同时的若干射流流场。指出了流场特点，表明此调剖方法是可行的。②给出了调剖球在注水中所受8种力的表达式，由力值量级比较认为，在实际条件下重力、惯性力、广义浮升力、附加质量力和粘性阻力是主要作用力，而Basset力、Magnus力和saffman力可忽略。③剖析了调剖球在注水管、井筒、油套环空流动和被炮眼吸附时的运动状态。④讨论并计算了调剖球在注水中的运动轨迹。给出了球直径、密度、炮眼流量比、球初始位置影响封堵的二维图示。⑤简速了在包含3个吸水层、总质量流量为5t／h的模拟实验装置上测得的各层堵球数、堵球概率和分流量与投球数的关系，给出了一个调剖球封堵底层炮眼的实测运动轨迹，验证了该条件下炮眼附近的流场。图20参9。     

火炮修理后水弹试验内弹道设计方法研究

火炮修理后广泛采用水弹试验,以动态方式确定火炮的技术状态和检验火炮修理质量。新型火炮缺乏水弹试验内弹道设计方法,难以确定水弹试验装水质量等内弹道关键参数,制约部队开展水弹试验。基于修后火炮水弹试验原理与工程实践,建立火炮水弹试验内弹道学模型;提出了基于水弹试验与实弹射击时作用于火炮的炮膛合力全冲量相等原理的火炮水弹试验内弹道设计方法,为新型火炮修后水弹试验提供理论指导,也为火炮其他考核目的水弹试验提供参考。     

The role of athlete response tests in the biomechanical evaluation of running shoes

Abstract

The protection that the running shoe can offer against shock forces has been investigated by standard mechanical tests of individual materials or of a combination of materials used in running shoe manufacture, and by testing the athlete's response to a shoe by measuring the ground reaction forces produced by the runner while running in the shoes. The latter approach to the evaluation of running shoes has some considerable attraction because it purports to represent a more direct evaluation of the shoes' performance and accounts for the interaction that the athlete has with the shoe.

Measurements made on running shoes in this way have yielded some useful data on, for example, the effect of barefoot and shod-foot running, the effect of running speed and the effect of body weight on the magnitude of ground reaction forces. There have also been some anomalous results reported which indicate that the athlete's interaction with his running shoe is not as predictable or as consistent as was first thought. This has made detailed investigations of running shoe properties difficult.

This paper presents data from a series of studies which have attempted to uncover the nature of the inconsistency in the athlete's interaction with his running shoes. The results lead to the hypothesis that during the evaluation of various running shoe conditions, the athlete adopts a ‘movement pattern fixation’ which produces a consistent interaction with a particular shoe, but this fixation may change when the shoe or other conditions change. The implication of this hypothesis is that in the testing of running footwear using the athlete's responses, methods should be employed to establish the limits within which any movement pattern fixation may occur as a precursor to evaluating the footwear itself.     

The influence of skill and low back pain on trunk postures and low back loads of shearers

Shearing is a rural occupation developing considerable spinal loads and carrying a high risk of low back pain (LBP). Although the workforce has a skill structure, interaction between skill, spinal loads and LBP is unknown. We examined whether skill and LBP influenced trunk postures and loads within a sample of 80 shearers representing shear skill levels. A progression from junior to open class demonstrated a 100% increase in productivity, less time in severe flexion, more time in neutral lateral bend, and more time in axially twisted postures, with no increase in cumulative compressive and anterior shear forces. LBP prevalence increased linearly from 10% for junior through to 76% for open class shearers. Shearers with a history of LBP generated greater cumulative right medio-lateral shear forces, greater left lateral bend and left axial twist moments. Skill-based training that reduces asymmetric forces may help reduce such high prevalence levels of LBP.

Statement of Relevance: Shearing is an important and physically demanding rural occupation. It requires sustained flexed postures that generate considerable spinal loads and a high risk of LBP. This research examines how skill and a history of LBP it carries interact to influence trunk postures and spinal loads within a sample of shearers.     

Kinetic changes in gait during low magnitude military load carriage

Indian infantry soldiers carry smaller magnitudes of loads for operational requirements. The ground reaction forces (GRFs) and impulse responses of 10 healthy male Indian infantry soldiers were collected while they walked carrying operational loads between 4.2 and 17.5 kg (6.5–27.2% of mean body weight (BW)) and a control condition of no external load (NL). The GRF and impulse components were normalised for BW, and data for each load condition were compared with NL in each side applying one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's post hoc test. Right foot data were compared with corresponding left foot GRF data for all load conditions and NL. There were significant increases in vertical and anteroposterior GRFs with increase in load. Left and right feet GRF data in corresponding load conditions were significantly different in anteroposterior plane. No significant change was observed in the temporal components of support phase of gait. Changes in impulse parameter were observed in the anteroposterior and vertical planes while carrying load greater than 23 and 16.6% of BW for the right foot and left foot, respectively. Result indicates that smaller magnitudes of loads produced kinetic changes proportional to system weight, similar to heavier loads with the possibility of increased injury risk. Observed smaller asymmetric changes in gait may be considered as postural adjustment due to load. Unique physical characteristics of Indian soldiers and the probable design shortcomings of the existing backpack might have caused significant changes in GRF and peak impulse during smaller load carriage.     

机械增力丝杠增力机构的有限元仿真

对机械增力丝杠增力机构的增力原理进行了分析,并通过有限元仿真指出了楔形块是增力机构中最为薄弱的环节,有限元分析结果表明,合理设计增力机构,首先要考虑楔形块的载荷承受能力,其次要考虑斜块与楔形块接触面的承载能力.     

防空兵被动测距方法研究

防空兵双活动平台被动测距方法采用带码盘和CCD的结合,依据“双站交会”原理完成距离计算,利用软件系统对单帧视频数据中的弹、目距离进行准确求取。从其误差曲线对比可知,对各型测距模型运用中,保持光学视场轴中心与目标之间方位、高低夹角在π／4时,系统精度最高。从各种测距模型曲线绘制图显示可知,基线测量精度对系统影响较小,测角误差才是系统测距误差的主要误差源。     

机载合成孔径雷达对地面防空力量的威胁及干扰对策研究

描述了机载合成孔径雷达的特点,分析某机载合成孔径雷达对地面防空力量的威胁,从有源干扰、无源干扰两方面研究地面部队对其实施干扰的技术对策。