Carbon dioxide—new uses for an old refrigerant

Carbon dioxide has been used as a refrigerant in vapour compression systems of many types for over 130 years, but it is only in the last decade that inventive minds and modern techniques have found new ways to exploit the uniquely beneficial properties of this remarkable substance. This paper traces the development of the old carbon dioxide systems, considers the technical, commercial and social reasons for their slow development and subsequent decline and examines the recent renaissance across a surprisingly broad range of applications, from trans-critical car air conditioners to low temperature industrial freezer plants. The paper then concentrates on industrial refrigeration systems, which were the basis of early developments in the period 1865–1885, but which have been somewhat overlooked in the current renaissance. The paper concludes with a review of possible future developments, indicating the areas of research and product development required to maximise the potential of the only non-toxic, non-flammable, non-ozone-depleting, non-global-warming refrigerant available for Rankine cycle vapour compression systems in the 21st century.     

Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating

A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO₂ heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating. A 6.5 kW prototype heat pump unit was constructed and extensively tested in order to document the performance and to study component and system behaviour over a wide range of operating conditions. The CO₂ heat pump was equipped with a unique counter-flow tripartite gas cooler for preheating of domestic hot water (DHW), low-temperature space heating and reheating of DHW.

The CO₂ heat pump was tested in three different modes: space heating only, DHW heating only and simultaneous space heating and DHW heating. The heat pump unit gave off heat to a floor heating system at supply/return temperatures of 33/28, 35/30 or 40/35 °C, and the set-point temperature for the DHW was 60, 70 or 80 °C. Most tests were carried out at an evaporation temperature of −5 °C, and the average city water temperature was 6.5 °C. The experimental results proved that a brine-to-water CO₂ heat pump system may achieve the same or higher seasonal performance factor (SPF) than the most energy efficient state-of-the-art brine-to-water heat pump systems as long as: (1) the heating demand for hot water production constitutes at least 25% of the total annual heating demand of the residence, (2) the return temperature in the space heating system is about 30 °C or lower, (3) the city water temperature is about 10 °C or lower and (4) the exergy losses in the DHW tank are small.     

Instability of automotive air conditioning system with a variable displacement compressor. Part 2. Numerical simulation

A test system is built first in order to investigate the instability of the automotive air conditioning (AAC) system with a variable displacement compressor (VDC), and hunting phenomena caused by the large external disturbance in the AAC system with a VDC and a thermal expansion valve, and in the AAC system with a VDC and a fixed-area throttling device are investigated experimentally in part 1 of this paper. The experimental results indicate that there also exist the hunting phenomena in the AAC system with a fixed-area throttling device. The system stability is found to be dependent on the direction of the external disturbance, and the system is apt to cause hunting when the condensing pressure decreases excessively since it may cause two-phase state at the throttling device inlet and make a large disturbance to the system. The piston stroke length will oscillate only when the oscillation amplitudes of forces acting on the wobble plate are great enough, otherwise the piston stroke length will be kept invariable, and then the system instability rule is also suitable for the AAC system with a fixed displacement compressor. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the two-phase flow at the throttling device inlet or at the evaporator outlet is the necessary condition but not sufficient condition for system hunting. Finally, a new concept, conservative stable region, is proposed based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis.     

常规控制和模糊PID控制在全垫升气垫船航向控制中的应用

本文详细的介绍了常规控制和模糊PID控制在全垫升气垫船的航向控制中的应用。气垫船是一种高性能船,其航向较常规船舶更难于控制。本文设计了常规PID控制和模糊PID控制器两种控制方法,并对气垫船的航向控制进行了仿真,从仿真结果可以看出,在气垫船受风力的作用下,模糊PID控制器在克服干扰方面具有比常规PID控制更好的效果。     

Decision support for flight re-routing in Europe

Congestion has plagued air traffic in the US and in Europe for the last 20 years. To protect air traffic control from overloads, air traffic flow management tries to anticipate and prevent overloads and to limit resulting delays. This paper focuses on understanding the requirements for developing re-routing decision support systems (DSS). It identifies participants in re-routing decisions and investigates the concept of, and need for, a re-routing decision support system. A re-routing demonstrator is discussed as a first step in the development of a DSS and a demonstrator for pre-tactical and tactical re-routings is described. User feedback is presented and issues of automation and complexity of re-routing DSS are discussed. Finally, the integration of re-routing DSS in future air traffic management systems is addressed.     

干式空心电抗器设计和计算方法

通过在绕组上方作无限长辅助圆柱面的方法 ,可以准确地计算出多层并联电抗器的自感和互感电势。介绍了选择导线、初定匝数和计算温升的方法 ,给出了空心电抗器设计的总体程序框图和计算实例。该方法准确性高 ,计算速度快     

Visual routines for real-time monitoring of vehicle behavior

Low-cost, purely visual modules are presented, which are able to reliably perform real-time computation of kinematic quantities relevant for the navigation of commercial vehicles moving along highways or motorways. Taking as input a video stream of b/w images coming from a standard camera mounted aboard the vehicle, the modules return instantaneous measurements for the speed of the vehicle, its lateral position in the lane, and the distance from the preceding vehicle. The modules, which are designed to work in real-time on standard PC platforms, have been tested under typical working conditions. Preliminary results are reported and discussed. Received: 10 March 1997 / Accepted: 24 November 1997     

防空武器系统的着色Petri网络建模与仿真

防空武器系统是一个复杂的军事系统，具有异步、并发的特点。应用着色Petri网络技术对其进行建模与仿真，极适合军事系统的特点。介绍了CPN的基本概念和建模特性，建立了防空武器系统的CPN模型并进行了计算机仿真，应用状态空间分析法对仿真结果进行了有效的分析和讨论。     

上海大学体育中心游泳馆空调设计

介绍了游泳馆暖通设计中解决防结露、防腐蚀、池厅及观众区气流组织等问题；通过工程运行，证实设计所采取的措施是合理的，可为今后类似工程的设计提供参考。     

双稳态电控变流型送风口的研制

设计并研制了一种双稳态电控变流型送风口,并介绍了该装置的结构、工作原理和性能特点.该送风口冬夏可以送不同流型气流,符合气流组织原则,运行管理方便、容易调节、可以远距离控制,而且节能.