A review on the clad failure studies

In this paper, an attempt has been made to systematically organize the research investigations conducted on clad tube failure, so far. Before presenting the review on the clad failure studies, an introduction to different clad materials has been added, in which the effect of alloying elements on the material properties have been presented. The literature on clad failure has been broadly categorized under the headings LOCA and RIA. The failure mechanisms like creep, corrosion and pellet-clad interaction have been discussed in details. Each subsection of the review has been provided with summary table, in which the studies are arranged in the chronological order. A small section on acceptance criteria for ECCS has also been included. The last section of the review has been dedicated to the core-degradation phenomena.     

技术标准的前瞻性与实践的互动性讨论

从我国技术标准国际化、产业调整升级和创新发展的推手角度,浅谈技术标准的前瞻性以及实践过程中的互动性,同时说明建立我国洁净室及相关受控环境标准体系的紧迫性。     

Hydrogenation properties and crystal structures of Ti−Mn-V BCC solid solution alloys

We have proposed new hydrogen absorbing alloys of the ‘Laves phase related BCC solid solution alloy’, the hydrogen capacity of which reaches almost double that of conventional rare-earth based AB₅ alloys. We have reported the hydrogen absorbing properties of Ti−V−Mn, Ti−V−Cr and T−V−Mn−Cr alloys. It has been accepted that the crystal structural change of BCC hydrogen absorbing alloys is the same as that of V metal. The mono-hydride (H/M=1) of V metal has a BCT structure and the di-hydride (H/M=2) has an FCC structure. However, we recently found that the Ti−V−Mn alloy shows different behaviors in phase transformation with hydrogenation to V metal. We found three hydride phases with a BCC, a deformed FCC and an FCC structure in the Ti−V−Mn solid solution alloy-H₂ system. The deformed FCC hydride phase has not yet to our knowledge been reported. The lattice constant of the deformed FCC was 0.407 nm, one axis of which is reduced by about 4%. Its single-phase region appeared at a hydrogen content between 0.8 H/M and 1.0 H/M in absorption at 298 K. The lower plateau observed due to formation of the deformed FCC hydride phase gives an increase of effective hydrogen capacity by decreasing hydrogen remaining in the alloy in the desorption process. This article based on a presentation made in the symposium “The 2nd KIM-JIM Joint Symposium: Hydrogen Absorbing Materials”, held at Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 27–28, 2000 under the auspices of The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials and The Japan Institute of Metals.     

Ti−V−Cr BCC alloys system with high protium content

This paper aims to study the relationship between the protium absorption properties and alloy composition of Ti−V−Cr alloys. We studied the effects of composition of the alloys and the heat-treatment on the protium absorption-desorption properties of Ti−V−Cr alloys, and found that Ti−35V−40Cr alloys show 2.6 mass% protium capacity. The plateau pressure of the alloys increased with decreasing lattice constants, resulting from increasing Cr content. The main phase of the samples containing more than 15%V was a BCC phase in the cast state. These BCC phase alloys exhibited 2.4 mass% protium. It was also found that the heat-treatment was effective in stabilizing a BCC structure in Ti−V−Cr alloys with low V content. The alloy yields the high capacity of 3.0 mass% protium capacity, which will be the highest value at 313 K reported so far. The alloy will be promising since it contains a low amount of the expensive V element. This article based on a presentation made in the symposium “The 2nd KIM-JIM Joint Symposium: Hydrogen Absorbing Materials”, held at Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 27–28 under the auspices of The Korean Institute of Metals and Materials and The Japan Institute of Metals.     

非有效决策单元的效率研究

首先研究了决策单元的规模效率,然后用传统的DEA模型和超效率DEA模型研究了非有效决策单元,对非CCR有效决策单元,模型（1）和模型（3）等价,对非BCC有效决策单元,模型（2）和模型（4）等价．     

Kinetic Monte Carlo approach to modeling dislocation mobility

We describe a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) approach to modeling dislocation motion, directly linking the energetics of dislocation kink nucleation and migration on the atomistic scale with the experimental data on the microscale. A study of planar glide of screw dislocation in Si, an ideal test-bed for our method is first discussed, followed by preliminary results for a more complicated problem, three-dimensional motion of screw dislocation in BCC metals. We find that accuracy of the model predictions, even in the favorable case of Si, cannot claim to be quantitative because of uncertainties in the atomistic results for kink energetics. On the other hand, the kMC method is useful for qualitatively probing the mechanisms controlling dislocation motion, and it is capable of providing plausible explanation of some puzzling features of the experimental data.     

考虑需求响应虚拟机组和碳交易的含风电电力系统优化调度

在智能电网和低碳电力的背景下,提出一种考虑需求响应虚拟机组和碳交易的含风电电力系统优化调度模型。首先,将需求侧资源分为可调度资源和不可调度资源,在可调度资源中分别建立了价格需求响应虚拟机组和激励需求响应虚拟机组模型,并分析了两种虚拟机组的运行特点;其次,在优化调度模型中引入碳交易,并提出系统碳减排目标的概念及阶梯型碳排放权价格,分析其对碳排放量的制约情况。在此基础上,引入功率平衡约束、机组出力及爬坡约束、虚拟机组运行约束等,建立了以碳交易成本、火电机组发电成本和虚拟机组运行成本为目标的新型低碳经济调度模型,采用细菌群体趋药性(BCC)算法对模型进行求解。通过仿真算例对不同场景下系统的风电消纳情况和系统的综合运行成本进行了分析。算例结果验证了模型及求解方法的可行性及优越性。     

生物质型煤研究现状及发展

当前生物质型煤技术正在逐步发展,其应用的规模和范围正在不断扩大.本文讨论了发展生物质型煤的意义,详细介绍了国内外生物质型煤的发展历程及现状,介绍了一些目前采用的新技术和存在的问题.最后对生物质型煤的未来进行了展望,指出生物质型煤在节能及环保方面骀将大有作为.     

体心立方晶体{110}<1■1>滑移系棱锥在确定独立滑移系时的应用

本文运用塑性理论和{110}〈1■1〉滑移系棱锥分析了体心立方晶体中{110}〈(?)〉滑移系的独立性,描述了各类滑移系组的组合规律及其晶体学特征。