A simple but precise method for quantitative measurement of the quality of the laser focus in a scanning optical microscope

We report a method for characterizing the focussing laser beam exiting the objective in a laser scanning microscope. This method provides the size of the optical focus, the divergence of the beam, the ellipticity and the astigmatism. We use a microscopic‐scale knife edge in the form of a simple transmission electron microscopy grid attached to a glass microscope slide, and a light‐collecting optical fibre and photodiode underneath the specimen. By scanning the laser spot from a reflective to a transmitting part of the grid, a beam profile in the form of an error function can be obtained and by repeating this with the knife edge at different axial positions relative to the beam waist, the divergence and astigmatism of the postobjective laser beam can be obtained. The measured divergence can be used to quantify how much of the full numerical aperture of the lens is used in practice. We present data of the beam radius, beam divergence, ellipticity and astigmatism obtained with low (0.15, 0.7) and high (1.3) numerical aperture lenses and lasers commonly used in confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy. Our knife‐edge method has several advantages over alternative knife‐edge methods used in microscopy including that the knife edge is easy to prepare, that the beam can be characterized also directly under a cover slip, as necessary to reduce spherical aberrations for objectives designed to be used with a cover slip, and it is suitable for use with commercial laser scanning microscopes where access to the laser beam can be limited.     

用粒子群算法设计非球面准直透镜的方法

提出了一种用于LED准直照明的非球面透镜设计方法,该方法产生于对非球面几何光学特性分析和粒子群优化算法优越的寻优能力。用该方法设计了一个基于点光源准直的出光口径30 mm的非球面透镜,为了证明准直透镜的准直效果,用光线追迹方法模拟了准直透镜对于点光源的准直过程。模拟结果显示,点光源经准直透镜后出射光线的最大半视场角为0.004 60,0.8 mm0.8 mm LED光源经准直透镜后出射光线的最大半视场角为4.91,表明了粒子群算法用于非球面准直透镜设计的可行性和有效性。与现有的设计方法相比,该设计方法意义更直观,实施更简单。     

基于碰撞安全性汽车前防撞梁总成轻量化设计

前防撞总成是汽车正面碰撞时最重要的承载件,起到吸收能量和保护乘员的作用,也是轻量化设计的重要结构。根据前防撞梁总成的结构特点,选取横梁和吸能盒作为研究对象,选择材料、厚度、截面形式等方面进行轻量化方案设计,选择最大加速度、侵入量、能量吸收和单位质量承载力等作为优化设计目标,对不同结构的零件进行优化设计。并对优化设计前后总成的性能进行对比分析,选择正面100%重叠工况和40%偏置碰撞工况进行对比分析,获取加速度、承载力等变化曲线。结果可知:优化设计后横梁材料DP980D+Z,厚度1.3mm;吸能盒的截面形式为十字形、无设计倾角,材料则选择高强钢DP780D+Z,厚度为1.6mm;轻量化后总成的加速度、侵入量、最大承载力均无明显变化,变化趋势基本一致;最大侵入量满足设计要求,最大承载力与实际值偏差为2.3%,满足要求;表明总成轻量化设计方案的可行性,为实际应用提供参考依据。     

多通道平行束准直器灵敏度补偿性能

点源扩展函数PSF作为SPECT成像的一个重要参考,反映出相应准直器灵敏度和空间分辨率等的特性。本文在多通道平行束准直器MPB的几何框架下进行物理模型构建,解释了由探测器晶体厚度引起的PSF变化以及基于该变化进行的公式修正,指出了不利的因素,其结果与蒙特卡罗模拟基本吻合。在PSF基础上,结合蒙特卡洛模拟,指出了在准直器的拉伸过程中,斜平行束部分OPB的灵敏度变化特性和对准直器的补偿作用;通过两点源逐渐接近的过程,并与高灵敏度平行束准直器HSPB对比,指出MPB准直器在保持高灵敏度下,还能有高空间分辨率的原理,提出了一种设计高灵敏度和高空间分辨率准直器的方法。     

Tuner: A tool for designing and optimizing ion optical systems

Designing and optimizing ion optical systems is often a complex and difficult task, which requires the use of computational tools to iterate and converge towards the desired characteristics and performances of the system. Very often these tools are not well adapted for exploring the numerous degrees of freedom, rendering the process long and tedious, as well as somewhat random due to the very large number of local minima typically found when looking for a particular optical solution. This paper presents a novel approach to finding the desired solution of an optical system, by providing the user with an instant feedback of the effects of changing parameters. The process of finding an approximate solution by manually adjusting parameters is greatly facilitated, at which point the final tune can be calculated by minimization according to a number of constraints.     

Advanced beam model for fiber-bridging in unidirectional composite double-cantilever beam specimens

This work investigates the interlaminar fracture and fiber-bridging in double-cantilever beam specimens from the theoretical and experimental points of view. Crack initiation and propagation tests were performed on unidirectional E-glass/polyester double-cantilever beam specimens. The well-known classical beam theory-based solution agrees excellently with the experimental results in the case of crack initiation tests. In contrast, the classical model seems to be inadequate for the evaluation of the propagation test data. The apparent contradiction was attributed to the fiber-bridging phenomenon. Thus, a novel beam model was developed, which accounts for the effect of fiber-bridging. Based on the solution of beam theory, the number of the bridging fibers and the bridging force can be approximated. The former reaches a peak value and decreases notably, while the force tends to a plateau value as the crack grows.     

Aerosol flow through a long micro-capillary: collimated aerosol beam

A micro-capillary system capable of generating a focused collimated aerosol beam (CAB) is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. The approach is based on a manifestation of the Saffman force where high velocity (∼100 m/s) aerosol particles, flowing through a micro-capillary (d ∼ 100 μm and l ∼ 1 cm), migrate perpendicular to the centerline of the capillary. Upon exiting the micro-capillary system, the particles maintain momentum, and when the aerosol is comprised of solid-in-liquid dispersions such as Ag nanoparticle ink, the CAB approach enables printing of advanced materials features with linewidth ≤ 10 μm.     

我国公路桥梁发展浅析

针对我国公路桥梁的发展现状,结合常用桥型进行了分析,为今后施工提供理论依据。     

某框支剪力墙结构设计

本文以实际工程为例,系统地介绍了某框支剪力墙结构的结构选型、计算分析、参数选取以及相应的抗震构造措施,同时简述了型钢混凝土在本工程的应用,可以为类似工程的设计提供借鉴。