连续重整装置跑损催化剂的原因及对策

针对三套连续重整装置的反应器内构件、再生器中心筒等不同部位跑损催化剂的原因进行分析,提出了相应的整改措施,围绕如何预防催化剂跑损进行了探讨。认为通过提高操作技能和管理水平、改进设计质量等措施,可以及时消除跑损催化剂的隐患,最大限度预防和抑制催化剂跑损事故的发生。     

石油化工控制室常见设计问题探讨

探讨分析了石油化工控制室常见设计问题,如控制室设置模式、位置选择、布置与面积、抗爆设计理念、设计现状、国内外相关标准规范、电缆进线方式、室内外装修与绿化、现场机柜室的外操间和卫生间的设置等,并结合工程实践阐述了石油化工控制室设计的原则和建议。     

Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases,Chronic Inflammation,and Cancer

Chemotactic cytokines—chemokines—control immune cell migration in the process of initiation and resolution of inflammatory conditions as part of the body’s defense system. Many chemokines also participate in pathological processes leading up to and exacerbating the inflammatory state characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and the central chemokine receptor CCR7 in the initiation and sustainment of selected chronic inflammatory diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. We revisit the binary role that CCR7 plays in combatting and progressing cancer, and we discuss how CCR7 and DCs can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. To provide the necessary background, we review the differential roles of the natural ligands of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 and how they direct the mobilization of activated DCs to lymphoid organs and control the formation of associated lymphoid tissues (ALTs). We provide an overview of DC subsets and, briefly, elaborate on the different T-cell effector types generated upon DC–T cell priming. In the conclusion, we promote CCR7 as a possible target of future drugs with an antagonistic effect to reduce inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and an agonistic effect for boosting the reactivation of the immune system against cancer in cell-based and/or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based anti-cancer therapy.     

掺炼高比例加氢后焦化汽油对连续重整装置的影响

与直馏石脑油相比,加氢后焦化汽油具有芳烃潜含量低,氮含量高的特点,将其用作连续重整原料,造成装置生成油的辛烷值、反应器温降、氢气产率等与设计值相差较大,针对此问题,从重整精制油的杂质含量、催化剂的性能等方面查找,最终确定芳烃潜含量低为其主要原因.鉴于此,提出了将反应温度提高到528 ℃,增加注氯量,使催化剂的氯质量分数维持在1.15%的措施.对高注氯量带来的腐蚀问题也提出了应对方法.调整后,生成油的辛烷值为96～97,氢气产率为3.3%,保证了全厂的氢气平衡.对于加氢焦化汽油氮含量高的问题,采取了将预加氢反应温度提高到300 ℃,对预加氢系统进行注水,提高上游生产装置脱氮率的措施.     

角锥棱镜的入射角及有效反射面积分析

基于角锥棱镜的基本结构及定向反射的光学特性,证明了同一光束出射点与入射点的对称关系以及不同入射光束出射点与对应顶点投影点的偏移量关系。推导出不同入射条件下角锥棱镜最大入射角及有效反射面积的理论计算方法,并给出最大入射角随方位角和折射率变化的规律图线及有效反射面积随入射角、方位角、折射率变化的规律图线。研究为角锥棱镜阵列的有效反射面积、回波能量的计算、误差分析等提供理论基础,且对正确设计使用角锥棱镜具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Metal dusting in CCR platforming unit

The mechanism of metal dusting of 9Cr-1Mo steel in CCR platforming unit, based on examinations of a charge heater tube, is presented. The tube operated for 10 years, and the metal skin temperature was about 600 °C. The feed was composed of hydrotreated naphtha and hydrogen gas. The mechanism of the corrosion was elucidated using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction technique. It has been found that the carbon deposition on the steel surface and its inward diffusion into the steel is accompanied by the outward diffusion of carbide forming elements, i.e. chromium and molybdenum. At an advanced stage of the metal dusting process a thin layer of fine chromium-rich carbides beneath the steel surface exists. The layer is followed by a porous zone composed of big degraded primary carbides and fine carbides instead of alloy ferrite, with chromium and molybdenum content higher than the ferrite inside the tube wall. On the steel surface, a layer of coke composed of graphite, iron and M₇C₃ carbides is formed and the uniform wastage of the steel takes place. Possible influence of some sulphur additions to the CCR platformer feed during the future service on degradation of the subsurface material has been considered.     

连续重整产品方案与反应苛刻度关系探讨

连续重整装置的反应苛刻度（C5＋RON）是根据产品要求设置的。近年来新建连续重整装置有半数以上是以生产低苯高辛烷值汽油组分和混合二甲苯产品为目的的。对产品为混合二甲苯＋汽油调合组分方案和混合二甲苯＋邻二甲苯＋汽油调合组分的两个方案的情况进行了比较,得出如下结果：①生产符合国家标准的混合二甲苯时,因产品中没有非芳烃含量的要求,则贫料和富料的C5＋RON均可以为102,但富料中的非芳烃比较多,会增大二甲苯塔的分离难度,降低产品收率,增加二甲苯塔的能耗;②生产符合国际标准的混合二甲苯或联产邻二甲苯时,因要求混合二甲苯产品中非芳烃质量分数小于0.3%,故C5＋RON应不低于104,以避免因重整反应苛刻度不够而增加其他设施。     

进料微量杂质对重整进料换热器的影响及对策

分析了重整进料中杂质对重整进料换热器的影响,从生产情况分析,原料带胺液,水含量长期超标是板换堵塞的主要原因.为保证装置长期安全平稳生产,提出了解决措施和建议.     

低电流线性LED驱动器设计方案

固体半导体照明（LED）由于低电压、长寿命、多色彩、易控制且节能等诸多优点,被各领域广泛采用。而要确保LED有一个安全稳定的工作状态,LED驱动器是关键部件。文章重点探讨不同线性的LED驱动方案,包括应用于低电流的线性CCR方案,以及应用于可寻址标志和建筑物装饰照明应用的线性LED驱动器方案。     

连续重整联合装置用能优化改进

介绍了中国石化股份有限公司金陵分公司第Ⅰ套连续重整联合装置节能优化改造及实施情况。通过精馏塔回流比、芳烃抽提溶剂比等操作参数优化,以及换热流程优化调整,增设邻二甲苯与二甲苯换热及采用工艺低温余热加热除盐水等措施有效实现了装置节能,优化改进后联合装置综合能耗下降419 MJ/t,达到了良好的节能效果,同时为下一步的节能改造提出了方案。